The Restless Earth

Question 1

How are fold mountains formed?

Answer 1

Collision at destructive plate boundaries
2 continental plates squash the oceanic crust in between causing the sedimentary rock to rise
Himalayas

Question 2

Give an example of a fold mountain
Where is the location?
How and when did it form?
What is the tallest peak?
What is the population?

Answer 2

THE ALPS
It was formed around 30 million years ago by a collision between African and European plates
Tallest peak is Mont Blanc
Population= 12 million

Question 3

How do people use the Alps for farming?

Answer 3

The steep sided upland areas aren’t very good for growing crops, as a result they are used for farming goats to provide milk, cheese, and meat
Some of the Sunnier slopes have been terraced is vineyards (lavaux in Switzerland)

Question 4

How are the catered for tourism?

Answer 4

100 million tourists visit the Alps ever year making tourism a huge part of the economy
70% of the tourists visit the snow-covered mountains in the winter for skiing snowboarding and ice climbing in the summer tourist visit walking mountain biking paragliding and climbing
New new villages have been built to cater for the tourism in such as Tignes in France
Ski runs skilifts and holiday chalets and restaurants all pepper the landscape

Question 5

How is hydroelectric power used in the Alps

Answer 5

The narrow valleys in the Alps are dammed to generate HEP
e.g. Berne in Switzerlnd
Switzerland gets 60% of its electricity for HEP
The electricity is used to power local businesses and homes but also exported to other towns/villages

Question 6

How do people use the apps for mining?

Answer 6

Salt, iron ore, silver, copper and gold are all mined.

However the rate of mining in the Alps has dramatically decreased due to cheaper foreign sources

Question 7

How is the Alps used for forestry?

Answer 7

Scots pine is planted all over the Alps as it is more resilient to the munching goats which kill the sapling.
Trees are logged and sold for furniture

Question 8

How of people adapted to conditions in the Alps?

Answer 8

Steep relief: Goats are farmed as they are well adapted to live on steep mountains. Trees and man-made defences are used to protect against avalanches and rock slides
Poor Soils: animals are grazed in highland areas as the soil isn’t very good for growing crops
Limited Communications: roads have been at lower points between mountains such as the Brenner Pass between Austria and Italy. However they may become blocked by the snow, making transportation very slow. As a result tunnels are cut through mountains such as Lötschberg cutting through the Bernese Alps in Switzerland

Question 9

Give an example of a composite volcano and a shield volcano

Answer 9

Composite- Mt. St Helens 18th May 1980

Shield- Mauna Loa (Hawaiian Islands)

Question 10

How do scientists try and predict volcanoes?

Answer 10

Tiny earthquakes
Escaping gas
Shape

Question 11

What is an example of a case study for a volcano?
When did it erupt?
What caused it to erupt?

Answer 11

Mt St Helens
Erupted due the the Juan de Fuca plate subducting under the North American plate (destructive plate margin). This cause a build up of heat and pressure which created vents in the North American plate allowing lava to escape i the surface.
The volcano was also triggered by an earthquake measuring 5 on the Richter scale beneath Mt St Helens- 18th May 1980 @ 8:32am. The North East side of the volcano became unstable and collapsed as an Avalanche, then creating pyroclastic flow of lava and ash.

Question 12

What were the primary effects of the Mt St Helens eruption?

Answer 12

• 57 deaths
• Every tree up to a radius of 25km was destroyed
• Destroyed 250 homes
• Ash fell creating a layer of 15cm causing traffic and airline schedules to be cancelled

Question 13

What were the secondary effects of the Mt St Helens eruption?

Answer 13

• Ash fell into rivers destroying animal life as the temperature of water increased
• Ash forced people to wear masks within a 120km radius

Question 14

What were the immediate responses of the Mt St Helens eruption?

Answer 14

• Helicopters were used in the search for survivors
• 2 million masks were sent out to zones cautioned with ash
• Ash covering roads was cleared within 3 days

Question 15

What were the long term responses of the Mt St Helens eruption?

Answer 15

• Houses continued to be rebuilt until 1990

- Millions of tree were replanted due to the serve loss of timber, costing around $300 million

Question 16

How does a supervolcano form?

Give an example

Answer 16

The magma rises up through cracks in the crust, forming a large magma basin. The pressure causes a bulge to form on the surface which is several km wide. The bulge eventually cracks letting the lava through, the eruptions cause earthquakes and fumes of ash and rock to be released. As the magma basin empties, the bulge is no longer supported and so it collapses. When the eruption is finished a caldera is formed, where the bulge collapsed, this sometimes fills with rainwater to form a lake. e.g Lake Toba in Indonesia

Supervolcano= Yellowstone national park USA
They can also form at destructive plate margins

Question 17

What are the global consequences of a supervolcanic eruption?

Answer 17

An eruption will throw out thousands of cubic meters of lava ash and rock.
A thick cloud of super heated gas will flow and destroy everything within tens of miles from the volcano
Ash will shoot kilometres into the air and block out almost all daylight over continents
The ash would settle over hundreds of square kilometres covering buildings and fields.
87,000 could be killed

Question 18

What does the Richter scale measure?
What device is used to measure the vibrations of an earthquake?
What is meant by logarithmic?
What does the Mercalli scale measure?
How is it measured?
What is the scale?

Answer 18

The amount of energy released from an earthquake scale:1-9+
Seismometer
Each stage is 10x more powerful
It measures the effects of the earthquake
By recording observations from eye witnesses or photos
Scale: 1-12

Question 19

How large is the size of the magma chamber under Yellowstone?

Answer 19

80km long
40km wide
8km deep

Question 20

Name an example of an earthquake in an MEDC?
When did it occur?
What caused it?

Answer 20

Kobe, Japan 1995-
17th January 5:46am, measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale.
Destructive plate margin
2 oceanic plates- Pacific and Philippine plates subduct under the Eurasian plate

Question 21

What were the effects of the Kobe Earthquake in Japan?

Answer 21

More than 102,000 buildings were destroyed
Motar ways collapsed
Bullet train route was severely damaged
The estimated cost to restore the damage was £100 billion

Question 22

What are the initial responses to the Kobe earthquake

Answer 22

Locals dug through the rubble to help survivors

The government were criticised for not rescuing people quick enough and refusing offers of aid from other countries

Question 23

What are the long term responses of the kobe, Japan earthquake?

Answer 23

Water, gas, telephone services were fully function able by July 1995
Railways were back in service by August 1995
Most of the buildings and roads constructed in the last 20 years are designed to be earthquake proof

Question 24

LEDC earthquake case study- Hati
When was it?
What caused it?

Answer 24

12th January 2010
The capital: Port Au Prince was 10 miles south west from the epicentre
Earthquake measured 7 magnitude on the Richter scale.
Caused by the North American plates sliding past the Caribbean plate in a conservative plate margin.

Question 25

What were the effects of the Hati earthquake on 12th Jan 2010?

Answer 25

316,000 died
Half a million were made homeless
300,000. Injured

Question 26

What were the short term responses of the Hate earthquake?

Answer 26

Many countries responded to the pleas for help for aid. They sent out rescue and medical teams
Supplies, medical care and sanitation were taken care of as a priority

Question 27

What were the long term reposes of the Hati earthquake?

Answer 27

The EU gave $330 million

Between 23 major charities $1.1 billion had been raised for Hati relief

Question 28

What caused the Boxing Day tsunami, 2004?

Answer 28

A destructive plate margin caused an earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the Richter scale. The plate moving into the mantle cracked causing a lot of water to be displaced- triggering tsunami waves to reach heights of 30 meters.

Question 29

What were the affects of the Boxing Day tsunami, 2004 Indian Ocean ?
Who were the countries affected?

Answer 29

No early warning system
230,000 were killed/ still missing
Over 1.7 million lost their homes
5-6 million required emergency food/water

Affected Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand

Question 30

What were the short term responses for the Boxing Day tsunami, 2004

Answer 30

Within days hundreds of millions of pounds had been supplied by foreign governments, charities,individuals and businesses for water, food, shelter and medical attention.

Ships, planes, soldiers and specialists were sent out to rescue people and begin clearing up

Question 31

What are the long term responses of the Boxing Day tsunami, 2004

Answer 31

Billions of pounds were invested to help re-build the infrastructure of the countries
A tsunami warning system has been set up
Volunteers have been trained so they know what to do when an earthquake happens again

Question 32

Give an example location for each of the 4 types of plate margin

Answer 32

Destructive- Eurasian + Pacific plates
Constructive- Mid Atlantic Ridge
Conservative- San Andreas fault (west coast of North America)
Collision- Himalayas