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geography > The Restless Earth > Flashcards

The Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the earth?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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2
Q

What is a plate?

A

A section of the earth’s crust

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3
Q

What is a plate margin?

A

The boundary where two plates meet

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4
Q

What is the mantle?

A

The dense, mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust

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5
Q

What are convection currents?

A

The circular currents of heat in the mantle

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6
Q

Oceanic crust rock type

A

Basalt

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7
Q

Continental crust rock type

A

Granite

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8
Q

Oceanic crust location

A

Underneath the worlds oceans

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9
Q

Continental crust location

A

Underneath the continents

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10
Q

Which type of crust is older, oceanic or continental?

A

Continental (1500 million to 3.8 billion years old) Oceanic crust is 200 million years old

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11
Q

Which type of crust is more dense?

A

Oceanic (3g/cm3) Continental crust is 2.7g/cm3

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12
Q

Which type of crust is renewable?

A

Oceanic, continental isn’t

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13
Q

Which type of crust can be destroyed?

A

Oceanic, continental can’t

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14
Q

Which type of crust is deeper?

A

Continental (up to 70km) Oceanic is 6-10km

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15
Q

What minerals do the two crusts contain?

A

Oceanic- Silice and magnesium (sima)

Continental- Silice and aluminium (sial)

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16
Q

Similarities between the two crusts

A 
Both crusts float on the mantle
Both are made of rock 
Both contain silice
Both formed from all 3 types of rock (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic)
Both brittle solids and fragment readily
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17
Q

Differences between the two crusts

A

Continental cannot sink
Continental cannot be renewed or destroyed
Continental is less dense than oceanic
Continental is older than oceanic

Oceanic can sink 
Oceanic can be renewed and destroyed
Oceanic is more dense than continental
Oceanic is newer than continental 
Oceanic is influenced by convection currents in the mantle, unlike continental
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18
Q

Constructive plate boundary

A

Two oceanic crusts moving away from each other, volano formed where these plates leave a gap

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19
Q

Destructive plate boundary

A

More dense oceanic crust slips under the less dense continental crust. Oceanic trenches are formed where the oceanic crust slips under. Earthquake activity can occur if plates stick. There can also be volcanic activity near fold mountains on the continental crust.

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20
Q

Example of a destructive plate boundary

A

West coast of South America

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21
Q

Collision plate boundary

A

Two continental crusts moving towards each other. They collide and rise up to form fold mountains. Eathquakes can also occur at collision plate boundaries

22
Q

Example of a collision plate boundary

A

Himalayas

23
Q

Slip/conservative boundary

A

Two plates move sideways past each other. When they stick, pressure builds up which can suddenly be released and an earthquake will occur

24
Q

Slip/conservative boundary

A

Two plates move sideways past each other. When they stick, pressure builds up which can suddenly be released and an earthquake will occur

25
Q

Why do continental plates move?

A

Convection currents in the mantle

26
Q

Example of fold mountains

A

The Rockies and The Andies, The Himalayas

27
Q

What is the thoery of continental drift?

A

That the worlds continents were once joined together but gradually moved apart over millionsof years

28
Q

When, and by whom, did the continental drift theory come about?

A

Alfred Wegener at the beginning of the 20th century

29
Q

What is a syncline?

A

A down fold formed by the creation of fold mountains

30
Q

What is an anticline?

A

An up fold formed by the creation of fold mountains

31
Q

When does an overfold occur?

A

When more pressure is exerted from one direction, and the strata folds over itself

32
Q

At what boundaries are fold mountains formed?

A

At a collision or a destructive plate boundary, when two plate margins collide

33
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

The actual place where the plates move under the ground

34
Q

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

Directly above the focus, on the surface

35
Q

What is the instrument called that measures the movement?

A

A seismometer

36
Q

What is the drawing called that that shows the earth’s movement? (on paper)

A

A seismograph

37
Q

What is the scale called that measures the earthquake strength?

A

The Richter Scale

38
Q

What is the magnitude?

A

The strength of an earthquake

39
Q

What features do longitudinal waves have?

A

They cause an up and down movement

40
Q

What features do transverse waves have?

A

They cause a side to side movement

41
Q

What features do secondary waves have?

A

They are slower and cause movement from side to side

42
Q

What feautres do primary waves have?

A

The waves travel fastest, back and forth

43
Q

The Mercalli Scale characteristics

A

use eye witness observartions
observes the damage done
it is judgement-there is no right or wrong
as the level increases, so does the damage done
it is arithmetic in type i.e goes 1,2,3,4 e.t.c

44
Q

How many levels does the Mercalli scale have?

A

12

45
Q

The Richter scale characteristics

A

uses a seisometer to measure acurately earthquake activity
measures the energy/magnitude of the earthquake
logarithmic is scale. i.e each level is 10 times stronger than the previous one

46
Q

How many levels does the Richter scale have?

A

9

47
Q

Qualitative

A

judgemental

48
Q

Quantitative

A

measures

49
Q

Two case studies for comparing earthquakes

A

Haiti and Chile

50
Q

Two case studies for comparing earthquakes

A

Haiti and Chile

51
Q

What are the 3 P’s?

A

Prediction, Protection and Preparation

geography (1 decks)

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