The Respiratory System & Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
What’s the main function of the respiratory system?
A
to provide oxygen gas needed for cellular respiration and to remove carbon dioxide from the body
2
Q
What’s the function of the UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
A
- passageway for respiration
- receptors for smell
- filters incoming air
- moistens and warms incoming air
3
Q
What’s the function of the LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
A
- sound production
- transporting air to and from the lungs
- Bronchi - branch into lungs
- Alveoli (lungs) - site of gas exchange
4
Q
Function of the nasal cavity
A
- to humidify, warm, and filter incoming air
- to protect the respiratory tract from any foreign particles
5
Q
Function of the Larynx? What is it made out of?
A
- made out of cartilage
Function: sound production (as it contains vocal cords) and making sure that foods & fluids don’t enter the airway
6
Q
Function of the trachea (windpipe)
A
carrying air from the nasal passages or mouth to the bronchi and then to the lungs
AKA
carrying air in and out of the lungs
7
Q
Function of the bronchi
A
transporting air from the trachea to the lungs
bronchi - the passageway that branches from the trachea to the lungs
8
Q
function of the bronchioles
A
delivering air to the alveoli in the lungs
bronchioles - the passageway that branches from each bronchus inside the lungs into small tubes
9
Q
Function of the alveoli
A
allowing respiratory gases to be exchanged in the sacs
alveoli - a tiny sac, with a wall that is one cell thick, found at the end of a bronchiole; respiratory gases are exchanged in this sac
10
Q
function of the diaphragm
A
- breathing muscle
- helps to inhale (oxygen) and exhale (carbon dioxide - aka breathe in and breathe out
11
Q
function of the pleural membranes
A
- provide mechanical protection to each lung
- provide a smooth, lubricating elastic surface for the lungs to move during breathing
12
Q
function of the cilia
A
trap foreign particles from the air so that they do not enter the lungs
13
Q
What are the 3 levels of human respiration
A
- External
- Internal
- Cellular
14
Q
What is external respiration
A
gas exchange between air and blood (in alveoli)
15
Q
What is internal respiration
A
gas exchange between blood and body cells (in blood)
16
Q
What is cellular respiration
A
oxygen reacts with glucose to make carbon dioxide + water + energy (from mitochondria)
17
Q
What’s the “equation” for cellular respiration
A
glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + ATP
18
Q
What surrounds each cluster of alveoli (tiny sacs)?
A
a network of capillaries
19
Q
Blood entering the capillaries from pulmonary circulation has a low concentration of _____ and high concentration of ______?
A
oxygen; carbon dioxide
20
Q
When the blood passes through the capillary network, where does the oxygen diffuse?
A
oxygen diffuses from inside the alveoli into the blood cells
21
Q
Does carbon dioxide diffuse the same way as oxygen does?
A
No, it diffuses opposite
22
Q
When the blood leaves the capillary network and is delivered back to the heart to enter the systemic circuit, what is it rich in?
A
oxygen
23
Q
What is responsible for binding oxygen from the alveoli?
A
Iron-containing protein molecule in RBC AKA hemoglobin
24
Q
What does hemoglobin do?
What is this exchange called?
A
releases oxygen to the body cells for cell respiration and picks up carbon dioxide
this exchange is called internal respiration
25
What happens when the oxygen dissociates from the hemoglobin?
the molecule changes shape slightly causing the blood to appear darker in colour
26
By how much does hemoglobin increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?
70x
27
How much % of the oxygen that reaches cells is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin?
99%
28
Where does the remaining 1% of the oxygen dissolve?
in the watery part of the blood called plasma
29
What are the 2 mechanics of breathing?
* Inspiration (air in)
* Expiration (air out)
30
What happens during inspiration?
diaphragm contracts, pulling muscles down. Intercoastal muscles contract which elevates the rib cage and expands the volume of the chest. This lowers pressure inside the chest cavity and air moves INTO the lungs.
31
What happens during expiration?
Respiratory muscles relax, the diaphragm returns to a dome shape, and intercoastal muscles allow the rib cage to lower. This increases air pressure in the chest cavity and air moves out of the lungs.
32
What's the common cold?
an infection of the nose, sinuses, throat, or windpipe which is usually caused by a virus
symptoms: stuffy/runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, coughs
treatment: resting, drinking fluids, medications (cough syrup, etc.), pain relievers
33
What is bronchitis?
an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi
symptoms: runny/stuffy nose, low-grade fever, chest congestion, tiredness, overproduction of mucus
treatment: medications (antivirals or antibiotics), special therapy (eg. exercise programs)
34
What's tonsillitis?
an infection of the tonsils (two oval-shaped organs located in the pharynx at the back of the throat) caused by a virus or bacteria
symptoms: red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen neck glands
treatment: antibiotics, medication, if severe then surgery
35
What's asthma?
chronic inflammation of the lungs and overproduction of mucus in the lungs (this inflammation can be triggered by pollen, dust, smoke, etc.)
symptoms: wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tightness of the chest
treatment: *no cure* inhalers, medication, nebulizers
36
What's laryngitis?
an inflammation of the larynx that can cause the voice to become raspy & hoarse; usually caused by an infection, allergy, or by overstraining the voice
symptoms: hoarseness, difficulty speaking, sore throat, mild fever, irritating cough, weak voice
treatment: resting your voice, staying hydrated, medication, antibiotics
37
What's emphysema?
a chronic respiratory disease that affects the ability of the lungs to expel air (the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity causing an oxygen shortage in the tissues)
symptoms: trouble breathing, sputum (mix of saliva and mucus) production, wheezing, chest pain, tightness
treatment: quitting smoking (if a smoker), antibiotics, oxygen therapy, medication, surgery, life style changes
38
What is pneumonia
a disease that causes inflammation in one or both lungs (alveoli in the lungs become inflamed & filled with fluids; caused by a viral infection or bacterial infection
symptoms: cough with bloody mucus, fever, shortness of breath, rapid & shallow breathing, chest pain, low energy, loss of appetite
treatment: antibiotics (for bacterial), antiviral medications (for viral), antifungal medicine (for fungal), vaccines (for bacterium)
39
What's the first line of defence? what gets trapped?
First line of defence: nose hairs
traps: pollen & large dirt
40
What's the second line of defence? What gets trapped?
Second line of defence: mucus
traps: dust
41
What's the third line of defence? What gets trapped?
Third line of defence: cilia
traps: microscopic parts of dirt
42
What are the components of blood? How much percent of each?
* Plasma: 55%
* Erythrocytes (RBC): 44%
* Leukocytes (WBC) & Platelets: 1%
43
What is plasma composed of?
* 92% water
* 7% dissolved blood proteins
* 1% other organic substances & inorganic ions (ex. sodium, potassium)
44
What are the plasma proteins? Describe the function of each.
Albumins: contribute to plasma's osmotic pressure
Globulins: help with cell transport
Fibrinogens: help with blood clotting
45
What are erythrocytes (RBC)?
* disk-shaped cells with no nucleus
* each cell has about 280 million iron-containing molecules of HEMOGLOBIN
46
What's the function of erythrocytes (RBC)?
* help with oxygen transport
* carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for RESPIRATION
* contains HEMOGLOBIN which binds to oxygen to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN
47
What are leukocytes (WBC)?
*cells that fight off infections
* all white cells have nuclei and appear as colourless & shapeless
48
What's the function of leukocytes (WBC)?
* fight infections & cancer
49
What are the 5 types of leukocytes? Describe the function of each.
1. Neutrophils - kill bacteria
2. Basophils - attract other WBCs
3. Eosinophils - kills parasitic worms
4. Lymphocytes - fight viruses & tumors
5. Monocytes - become macrophages & eat up intruders
50
what do phagocytes do?
engulf pathogens and digest them - this is called PHAGOCYTOSIS
51
what do lymphocytes do?
are involved in antibody production when fighting infections
52
What are platelets (Thrombocytes)?
* membrane-bound fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart
* the third major substance in the formed portion of the blood
53
What's the function of platelets (Thrombocytes)?
* help with clotting blood
* help prevent blood loss
* help prevent the entry of pathogens when blood vessels are damaged
54
What's Thalassemia?
an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough HEMOGLOBIN
55
What's Sickle Cell Disease?
a genetic disorder that affects the HEMOGLOBIN within the RBCs; a genetic mutation causes abnormal hemoglobin to clump together which causes the blood cells to turn SICKLE-SHAPED.
* this causes blockages in blood flow
56
What's leukemia?
cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow; the rapid growth of abnormal WBCs
57
What's leukopenia?
a condition where you have a low level of WBCs (decrease in WBCS in the bloodstream)
58
What's hemophilia?
a bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly
59
What's thrombocytosis?
a condition where your body produces too many platelets; this could lead to blocked blood vessels
60
How many chambers does the mammalian heart have?
4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles
61
What's systemic circulation (left side of the heart)?
carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart
62
What's pulmonary circulation (right side)?
carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart
63
What's cardiac circulation (coronary)?
network of arteries and veins that provide oxygen and nutrients to the muscle cells of the heart and remove waste products
* the movement of blood through the heart tissues
64
What are the 3 tissue layers of the artery?
* Inner Layer: smooth epithelial cells (reduces friction)
* Middle layer: elastic fibers, smooth muscles
* Outer Layer: connective tissue, elastic fibers
65
What are the tissue layers of the arteriole?
The same 3 layers of the artery (Inner layer, Middle layer, Outer layer)
66
What's the function(s) of the artery?
* transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
* (exception: pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood)
67
What's the function of the arteriole?
* carries blood away from the heart and to the capillaries
68
What are the tissue layers of the veins?
* the same as arteries (Inner Layer, Middle Layer, Outer Layer) but thinner walls & less muscles
69
What are the tissue layers of venules?
same as veins (Inner layer, Middle layer, Outer layer but thinner walls & less muscles)
70
Function of the veins
* carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
* (exception: pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood)
71
Function of the venules
* carries blood from the capillary beds to the veins
72
What are capillaries?
* smallest blood vessels (large enough for 1 RBC to pass)
73
Function of capillaries
* links arterial & venous systems
* exchanges materials between the blood and body cells
* slows down to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer
74
What's the aorta?
* largest artery
* branches from the heart into major arteries that carry blood to the rest of the body
75
What side of the heart receives blood coming back from the body and then pumps it out to the lungs to receive oxygen?
the right side of the heart
76
What two veins open into the right atrium?
1. Superior Vena Cava
2. Inferior Vena Cava
77
What's an electrocardiograph (ECG)?
displays electrical impulses of the heart - is used to assess the normal or abnormal functions of the heart
78
What's arrhythmia?
an abnormal rhythm of the heart which can cause the heart to pump less effectively
79
What's tachycardia?
when the heart pumps too fast
80
What's bradycardia?
when the heart pumps too slow
81
What's ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest)?
when the ventricles pump in an unsynchronized way (pumping little or no blood) and as a result, blood is not pushed from one area to another in a coordinated fashion
82
What's atrial fibrillation?
the upper chambers of the heart beat rapidly and chaotically
83
What's syncope?
the common faint; fainting happens when the heart rhythm becomes very slow or the blood pressure is low
84
Describe the pathway of blood
Right atrium --> Tricuspid Valve --> Right ventricle --> Pulmonary Valve --> Pulmonary Artery --> LUNGS --> Pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta
