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The Respiratory System & Circulatory System > The Respiratory System & Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System & Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the main function of the respiratory system?

A

to provide oxygen gas needed for cellular respiration and to remove carbon dioxide from the body

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2
Q

What’s the function of the UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A
  • passageway for respiration
  • receptors for smell
  • filters incoming air
  • moistens and warms incoming air
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3
Q

What’s the function of the LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A
  • sound production
  • transporting air to and from the lungs
  • Bronchi - branch into lungs
  • Alveoli (lungs) - site of gas exchange
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4
Q

Function of the nasal cavity

A
  • to humidify, warm, and filter incoming air
  • to protect the respiratory tract from any foreign particles
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5
Q

Function of the Larynx? What is it made out of?

A
  • made out of cartilage
    Function: sound production (as it contains vocal cords) and making sure that foods & fluids don’t enter the airway
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6
Q

Function of the trachea (windpipe)

A

carrying air from the nasal passages or mouth to the bronchi and then to the lungs

AKA

carrying air in and out of the lungs

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7
Q

Function of the bronchi

A

transporting air from the trachea to the lungs

bronchi - the passageway that branches from the trachea to the lungs

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8
Q

function of the bronchioles

A

delivering air to the alveoli in the lungs

bronchioles - the passageway that branches from each bronchus inside the lungs into small tubes

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9
Q

Function of the alveoli

A

allowing respiratory gases to be exchanged in the sacs

alveoli - a tiny sac, with a wall that is one cell thick, found at the end of a bronchiole; respiratory gases are exchanged in this sac

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10
Q

function of the diaphragm

A
  • breathing muscle
  • helps to inhale (oxygen) and exhale (carbon dioxide - aka breathe in and breathe out
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11
Q

function of the pleural membranes

A
  • provide mechanical protection to each lung
  • provide a smooth, lubricating elastic surface for the lungs to move during breathing
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12
Q

function of the cilia

A

trap foreign particles from the air so that they do not enter the lungs

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13
Q

What are the 3 levels of human respiration

A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. Cellular
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14
Q

What is external respiration

A

gas exchange between air and blood (in alveoli)

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15
Q

What is internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and body cells (in blood)

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16
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

oxygen reacts with glucose to make carbon dioxide + water + energy (from mitochondria)

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17
Q

What’s the “equation” for cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + ATP

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18
Q

What surrounds each cluster of alveoli (tiny sacs)?

A

a network of capillaries

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19
Q

Blood entering the capillaries from pulmonary circulation has a low concentration of _____ and high concentration of ______?

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

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20
Q

When the blood passes through the capillary network, where does the oxygen diffuse?

A

oxygen diffuses from inside the alveoli into the blood cells

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21
Q

Does carbon dioxide diffuse the same way as oxygen does?

A

No, it diffuses opposite

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22
Q

When the blood leaves the capillary network and is delivered back to the heart to enter the systemic circuit, what is it rich in?

A

oxygen

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23
Q

What is responsible for binding oxygen from the alveoli?

A

Iron-containing protein molecule in RBC AKA hemoglobin

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24
Q

What does hemoglobin do?
What is this exchange called?

A

releases oxygen to the body cells for cell respiration and picks up carbon dioxide

this exchange is called internal respiration

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25
Q

What happens when the oxygen dissociates from the hemoglobin?

A

the molecule changes shape slightly causing the blood to appear darker in colour

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26
Q

By how much does hemoglobin increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?

A

70x

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27
Q

How much % of the oxygen that reaches cells is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin?

A

99%

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28
Q

Where does the remaining 1% of the oxygen dissolve?

A

in the watery part of the blood called plasma

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29
Q

What are the 2 mechanics of breathing?

A
  • Inspiration (air in)
  • Expiration (air out)
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30
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

diaphragm contracts, pulling muscles down. Intercoastal muscles contract which elevates the rib cage and expands the volume of the chest. This lowers pressure inside the chest cavity and air moves INTO the lungs.

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31
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Respiratory muscles relax, the diaphragm returns to a dome shape, and intercoastal muscles allow the rib cage to lower. This increases air pressure in the chest cavity and air moves out of the lungs.

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32
Q

What’s the common cold?

A

an infection of the nose, sinuses, throat, or windpipe which is usually caused by a virus

symptoms: stuffy/runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, coughs

treatment: resting, drinking fluids, medications (cough syrup, etc.), pain relievers

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33
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi

symptoms: runny/stuffy nose, low-grade fever, chest congestion, tiredness, overproduction of mucus

treatment: medications (antivirals or antibiotics), special therapy (eg. exercise programs)

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34
Q

What’s tonsillitis?

A

an infection of the tonsils (two oval-shaped organs located in the pharynx at the back of the throat) caused by a virus or bacteria

symptoms: red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen neck glands

treatment: antibiotics, medication, if severe then surgery

35
Q

What’s asthma?

A

chronic inflammation of the lungs and overproduction of mucus in the lungs (this inflammation can be triggered by pollen, dust, smoke, etc.)

symptoms: wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tightness of the chest

treatment: no cure inhalers, medication, nebulizers

36
Q

What’s laryngitis?

A

an inflammation of the larynx that can cause the voice to become raspy & hoarse; usually caused by an infection, allergy, or by overstraining the voice

symptoms: hoarseness, difficulty speaking, sore throat, mild fever, irritating cough, weak voice

treatment: resting your voice, staying hydrated, medication, antibiotics

37
Q

What’s emphysema?

A

a chronic respiratory disease that affects the ability of the lungs to expel air (the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity causing an oxygen shortage in the tissues)

symptoms: trouble breathing, sputum (mix of saliva and mucus) production, wheezing, chest pain, tightness

treatment: quitting smoking (if a smoker), antibiotics, oxygen therapy, medication, surgery, life style changes

38
Q

What is pneumonia

A

a disease that causes inflammation in one or both lungs (alveoli in the lungs become inflamed & filled with fluids; caused by a viral infection or bacterial infection

symptoms: cough with bloody mucus, fever, shortness of breath, rapid & shallow breathing, chest pain, low energy, loss of appetite

treatment: antibiotics (for bacterial), antiviral medications (for viral), antifungal medicine (for fungal), vaccines (for bacterium)

39
Q

What’s the first line of defence? what gets trapped?

A

First line of defence: nose hairs
traps: pollen & large dirt

40
Q

What’s the second line of defence? What gets trapped?

A

Second line of defence: mucus
traps: dust

41
Q

What’s the third line of defence? What gets trapped?

A

Third line of defence: cilia
traps: microscopic parts of dirt

42
Q

What are the components of blood? How much percent of each?

A
  • Plasma: 55%
  • Erythrocytes (RBC): 44%
  • Leukocytes (WBC) & Platelets: 1%
43
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A
  • 92% water
  • 7% dissolved blood proteins
  • 1% other organic substances & inorganic ions (ex. sodium, potassium)
44
Q

What are the plasma proteins? Describe the function of each.

A

Albumins: contribute to plasma’s osmotic pressure
Globulins: help with cell transport
Fibrinogens: help with blood clotting

45
Q

What are erythrocytes (RBC)?

A
  • disk-shaped cells with no nucleus
  • each cell has about 280 million iron-containing molecules of HEMOGLOBIN
46
Q

What’s the function of erythrocytes (RBC)?

A
  • help with oxygen transport
  • carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for RESPIRATION
  • contains HEMOGLOBIN which binds to oxygen to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN
47
Q

What are leukocytes (WBC)?

A

*cells that fight off infections
* all white cells have nuclei and appear as colourless & shapeless

48
Q

What’s the function of leukocytes (WBC)?

A
  • fight infections & cancer
49
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes? Describe the function of each.

A
  1. Neutrophils - kill bacteria
  2. Basophils - attract other WBCs
  3. Eosinophils - kills parasitic worms
  4. Lymphocytes - fight viruses & tumors
  5. Monocytes - become macrophages & eat up intruders
50
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

engulf pathogens and digest them - this is called PHAGOCYTOSIS

51
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

are involved in antibody production when fighting infections

52
Q

What are platelets (Thrombocytes)?

A
  • membrane-bound fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart
  • the third major substance in the formed portion of the blood
53
Q

What’s the function of platelets (Thrombocytes)?

A
  • help with clotting blood
  • help prevent blood loss
  • help prevent the entry of pathogens when blood vessels are damaged
54
Q

What’s Thalassemia?

A

an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn’t make enough HEMOGLOBIN

55
Q

What’s Sickle Cell Disease?

A

a genetic disorder that affects the HEMOGLOBIN within the RBCs; a genetic mutation causes abnormal hemoglobin to clump together which causes the blood cells to turn SICKLE-SHAPED.
* this causes blockages in blood flow

56
Q

What’s leukemia?

A

cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow; the rapid growth of abnormal WBCs

57
Q

What’s leukopenia?

A

a condition where you have a low level of WBCs (decrease in WBCS in the bloodstream)

58
Q

What’s hemophilia?

A

a bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

59
Q

What’s thrombocytosis?

A

a condition where your body produces too many platelets; this could lead to blocked blood vessels

60
Q

How many chambers does the mammalian heart have?

A

4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles

61
Q

What’s systemic circulation (left side of the heart)?

A

carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart

62
Q

What’s pulmonary circulation (right side)?

A

carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart

63
Q

What’s cardiac circulation (coronary)?

A

network of arteries and veins that provide oxygen and nutrients to the muscle cells of the heart and remove waste products
* the movement of blood through the heart tissues

64
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of the artery?

A
  • Inner Layer: smooth epithelial cells (reduces friction)
  • Middle layer: elastic fibers, smooth muscles
  • Outer Layer: connective tissue, elastic fibers
65
Q

What are the tissue layers of the arteriole?

A

The same 3 layers of the artery (Inner layer, Middle layer, Outer layer)

66
Q

What’s the function(s) of the artery?

A
  • transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
  • (exception: pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood)
67
Q

What’s the function of the arteriole?

A
  • carries blood away from the heart and to the capillaries
68
Q

What are the tissue layers of the veins?

A
  • the same as arteries (Inner Layer, Middle Layer, Outer Layer) but thinner walls & less muscles
69
Q

What are the tissue layers of venules?

A

same as veins (Inner layer, Middle layer, Outer layer but thinner walls & less muscles)

70
Q

Function of the veins

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • (exception: pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood)
71
Q

Function of the venules

A
  • carries blood from the capillary beds to the veins
72
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • smallest blood vessels (large enough for 1 RBC to pass)
73
Q

Function of capillaries

A
  • links arterial & venous systems
  • exchanges materials between the blood and body cells
  • slows down to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer
74
Q

What’s the aorta?

A
  • largest artery
  • branches from the heart into major arteries that carry blood to the rest of the body
75
Q

What side of the heart receives blood coming back from the body and then pumps it out to the lungs to receive oxygen?

A

the right side of the heart

76
Q

What two veins open into the right atrium?

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Inferior Vena Cava
77
Q

What’s an electrocardiograph (ECG)?

A

displays electrical impulses of the heart - is used to assess the normal or abnormal functions of the heart

78
Q

What’s arrhythmia?

A

an abnormal rhythm of the heart which can cause the heart to pump less effectively

79
Q

What’s tachycardia?

A

when the heart pumps too fast

80
Q

What’s bradycardia?

A

when the heart pumps too slow

81
Q

What’s ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest)?

A

when the ventricles pump in an unsynchronized way (pumping little or no blood) and as a result, blood is not pushed from one area to another in a coordinated fashion

82
Q

What’s atrial fibrillation?

A

the upper chambers of the heart beat rapidly and chaotically

83
Q

What’s syncope?

A

the common faint; fainting happens when the heart rhythm becomes very slow or the blood pressure is low

84
Q

Describe the pathway of blood

A

Right atrium –> Tricuspid Valve –> Right ventricle –> Pulmonary Valve –> Pulmonary Artery –> LUNGS –> Pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta

The Respiratory System & Circulatory System (1 decks)

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