The Respiratory System Ch.22 (20%)

Question 1

Functions of respiration include:

Answer 1

Gas Exchange
Communication
Olfaction (smell)
Acid base balance
BP regulation
Blood and Lymph flow
Platelet production
Blood filtration
Expulsion of abdominal contents (Valsalva Maneuver)

Question 2

What’s the difference between the conducting versus the respiratory system

Answer 2

The difference between the respiratory and conducting zones is their function: the conducting zone transports the air into and out of the lungs; the respiratory zone allows gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

Question 3

The four processes required for oxygen to reach the tissues and CO2 to leave the body; Gas Exchange

Answer 3

1) Pulmonary Ventilation
2) External Respiration
3) Gas Transport
4) Internal Respiration

Question 4

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 4

Getting air in and out of lungs

Question 5

External Respiration

Answer 5

Exchange of gasses between the lungs and blood

Question 6

Gas transport

Answer 6

Transport of gases in bloodstream

Question 7

Internal respiration

Answer 7

Exchanges of gases between blood and interstitial fluid (cells)

Question 9

What are the main components of the Larynx?

Answer 9

The larynx is made up of cartilages, muscles, and ligaments

Question 10

What is the function of the larynx when it is completely open?

Answer 10

It allows breathing

Question 11

How does the larynx contribute to phonation

Answer 11

It protects the respiratory system from food particles entering the windpipe

Question 12

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Answer 12

The egos prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe by acting as a lid above the
Larynx

Question 13

What is the anterior laryngeal prominence also known as

Answer 13

It’s also known as the Adams apple

Question 14

Why is the Adam’s apple more prominent in males than females?

Answer 14

The prominence is due to the effect of testosterone on the larynx

Question 15

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

Answer 15

The cricoid cartilage is located inferior to the thyroid cartilage and is a ring like structure

Question 16

What is the function of the cricothyroid ligament?

Answer 16

The cricothyroid ligament is the site where an emergency incision is made for a tracheotomy

Question 17

What shape do the tracheal cartilage take?

Answer 17

The tracheal cartilages are C shaped structures

Question 18

What is the respiratory tree?

Answer 18

The respiratory tree refers to the continuous branching of respiratory passageways in the lungs

Question 19

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Answer 19

The conducting zone consists of structures that transport air, but do not allow gas exchange

Question 20

What does the trachea divide into?

Answer 20

The trachea divides into two primary bronchi, one for each lung

Question 21

What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi?

Answer 21

The right primary bronchi is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left

Question 22

What is the hilus in the lungs?

Answer 22

The hilus is the indented area in each line where the primary bronchus enters

Question 23

What is the structure of the bronchioles in the respiratory tree?

Answer 23

Bronchioles are the final division of the respiratory tree, leading to alveolar structures

Question 24

How many lobes do the left and right lungs have

Answer 24

The left lung has two lobes, and the right lung has three lobes

Question 25

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 25

The mediastinum is the area between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures, but not the lungs

Question 26

What is the Apex of the lung?

Answer 26

The narrow superior part

Question 27

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 27

The root connects each lung to the mediastinum and contains vascular and bronchial attachments

Question 29

What is the pleura?

Answer 29

The pleura is a double layered sack of serous membrane surrounding each lung

Question 30

What is the difference between parietal and visceral pleura?

Answer 30

The parietal pleura is the outer layer attached to the thoracic cavity walls, while the visceral pleura is the inner layer that covers the lung tissue

Question 31

What is pleuritis (pleurisy)

Answer 31

Pleuritis is the inflammation of the pleura, causing pain with each breath due to friction, often secondary to pneumonia

Question 32

What is the function of type one alveolar cells?

Answer 32

Type one alveolar cells are squamous epithelial cells that make up 97% of the alveolar surface area and allow for gas exchange

Question 33

What is the role of type two alveolar cells?

Answer 33

Type two alveolar cells, secrete, pulmonary surfactant, which reduces surface tension, and prevents alveolar collapse

Question 34

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 34

Alveolar macrophages are phagocytic cells that remove debris and pathogens from the alveolar walls

Question 35

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

Answer 35

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as dissolved CO2(7%), as bicarbonate (70%), and as carbaminohemoglobin (23%)

Question 36

What is the role of carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 36

This system maintains blood pH by neutralizing, acids or bases, keeping the pH in range of 7.35 to 7.45

Question 37

What is the role of the respiratory membrane?

Answer 37

The respiratory membrane allows for the efficient exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) between the alveolar air and blood

Question 38

What is diffusion in the context of gas exchange?

Answer 38

Diffusion is the passive process by which gases move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, reaching equilibrium

Question 39

What is the normal tidal volume for one inhalation or exhalation?

Answer 39

The normal tidal volume is approximately 500 mL per breath

Question 40

What is the function of the diaphragm during breathing?

Answer 40

The diaphragm contracts during quiet inhalation to expand the lungs and facilitate breathing

Question 41

What is the respiratory minute volume? VE

Answer 41

total volume of air that moves in and out of lungs per minute, calculated as tidal volume ( TV) x respirations per minute