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Human Anatomy and Physiology 02 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower levels. What structures are included in the UPPER portion?

A

The nose and pharynx

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2
Q

The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower levels. What structures are included in the LOWER portion?

A

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs

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3
Q

Name the two zones of the respiratory system AND their structures and functions.

A
  1. The Conducting Zone: only involved in conduction. It warms, filters, and moistens incoming air. Structures include the nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.
  2. The Respiratory Zone: involves gas exchange. Structures include the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, and respiratory bronchioles
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4
Q

Which zone of the respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs?

A

The respiratory system!

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5
Q

Where is the conchae located at?

A

In the nose

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6
Q

What is the function of the conchae in the nose?

A

To increase surface area and create turbulence to fling out inflated particles and make them stick to the mucus membrane

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7
Q

What are the three anatomical regions of the PHARYNX?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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8
Q

Which anatomical region(s) of the pharynx plays a role in digestion?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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9
Q

Why do we need to deliver oxygen (O2) to the lungs?

A

It’s important for cellular respiration: to make more ATP to support tissues during increased tissue activity.

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10
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) removal is important because

A

It prevents acidification: generates H+ when in solution

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11
Q

Where are the vocal cords located in? What is the opening between the cords called, and what is it’s function?

A

The larynx, and the opening is the glottis where it prevents food and water from entering the trachea.

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12
Q

What type of cartilage(s) does the larynx contain?

A

Thyroid cartilage (hyaline) that is hard and rigid for protection.

Epiglottic cartilage (elastic) that is bendy and flexible to prevent food and drink fluids from moving into the lungs.

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13
Q

16-20 incomplete____provide structure to the trachea, they are connected at the tips by the______

A

tracheal rings, trachealis muscle

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14
Q

An accidentally inhaled object would be more likely to get lodged in which primary bronchus?

A

The right primary bronchus

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15
Q

The trachea divides into:

A

Right and Left primary bronchus

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16
Q

Which bronchus is shorter and wider, and has 3 lobes?

A

The right bronchus

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17
Q

Which bronchus has 2 lobes

A

The left bronchus

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18
Q

Tertiary bronchi branch further into smaller and smaller bronchioles which are called_____and forms a______

A

terminal bronchioles, bronchial tree

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19
Q

What is the last structure of the conducting zone?

A

The terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

What are the FIRST structures of the respiratory zone and that can perform gas exchange?

A

The respiratory bronchioles

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21
Q

What is the main site of gas exchange occurrence?

A

The ALVEOLI!!!!

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22
Q

As one moves down the airways, the epithelial cells become taller or flatter?

A

flatter

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23
Q

The amount of cartilage increases or decreases?

A

decreases

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24
Q

The size of the airway becomes larger or smaller?

A

smaller

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25
Q

The total surface area of the airways increases of decreases?

A

increases

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26
Q

The serous membranes enclosing each lung are collectively called the

A

Pleural membrane or Pleura

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27
Q

The superficial layer attached to the thoracic wall is called the

A

Parietal pleura

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28
Q

The deep layer attached to the lung is called the

A

Visceral pleura

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29
Q

The small space between the parietal and visceral pleura is called the____and contains the _____

A

Parietal cavity, pleural fluid

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30
Q

What is the function of the pericardial sac/fluid?

A

It prevents friction as the lung inflates and deflates

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31
Q

The cells lining the alveoli include____which are the main sites of gas exchange. In addition_____cells are found here, involved in secretion of____ which reduces surface tension of the lung for easy inhalation.

A

Type 1 alveolar cells, Type 2 alveolar cells, surfactant.

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32
Q

What are the three steps of gas exchange?

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing), External (pulmonary) respiration, and internal (tissue) respiration

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33
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

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34
Q

Define external respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lung and the pulmonary capillaries

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35
Q

Define internal respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the systemic capillaries and tissue cells

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36
Q

What is the end goal of gas exchange?

A

O2 delivery to the cells for aerobic metabolism, the most efficient way of ATP production, and elimination of CO2 produced during metabolism

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37
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation? Define them.

A

Inspiration (inhalation)- the movement of air from the atmosphere to the lungs

Expiration (exhalation)- the movement of air from the lungs to the atmosphere

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38
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

The pressure exerted by a gas in a sealed container is created by the collisions of gas molecules with each other and with the sides of the container.

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39
Q

Describe the process of inhalation using Boyle’s Law

A

During inhalation, the pressure in the lung drops must be lower than in the atmosphere, resulting in the air moving into the lungs

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40
Q

Describe the process of exhalation using Boyle’s Law

A

During exhalation, the pressure in the lungs must be higher than the pressure in the atmosphere, resulting in the air moving out of the lungs.

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41
Q

What are the three important pressures to consider in pulmonary ventilation? Describe these pressures.

A

Atmospheric pressure-which does not change unless the person changes altitude

Intra-alveolar pressure- which changes as lung volume changes

Intrapleural pressure- which normally is subatmospheric

42
Q

Air always moves from areas of _____ air pressure to areas of____air pressure

A

higher, lower

43
Q

The volume of the lung increasing leads to____pressure

A

lower

44
Q

The volume of the lung decreases, leading to____pressure

A

higher

45
Q

The volume of the lung increases when the volume of the thoracic cavity____. This happens when the diaphragm and external intercostals____.These two muscles are known as the major_____

A

Increases, contract, inspiratory

46
Q

The process of inspiration is referred to as(n)____process because it involves______

A

active, active contraction of the inspiratory muscles

47
Q

The process of expiration is referred to as(n)___process because it involves______

A

passive, passive recoil of the elastic lungs, no muscle contraction needed.

48
Q

Sequence of events of inspiration:

_____of the inspiratory muscles causes a(n)____in the size of the thoracic cavity, causing a(n)_____in the size or volume of the lungs, leading to a(n)_____in pressure within the lung. This change in pressure causes air to move from_____to_____.

A

Contraction, increase, increase, decrease, the atmosphere, the lungs

49
Q

Sequence of events of expiration during quite breathing

_____of the inspiratory muscles causes a(n)_____in the size of the thoracic cavity, causing a(n)_____ in the size or volume of the lungs (elastic recoil), leading to a(n)_____in intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure. This change in pressure causes air to move from____to_____.

A

relaxation, decrease, decrease, increase

50
Q

During forced breathing or during exercise the expiratory muscles (the_____ and_____) become activated to cause a further_____in lung volume and push more air out.

A

abdominals and internal intercostals, decrease

51
Q

Immediately prior to inspiration, the Patm =____mmHg and the Palv =_____mmHg. During inspiration, the Patm =_______mmHg and the Palv =______mmHg

A

760, 760, 760, 758

52
Q

As gases flow down pressure gradients, eventually the pressures equilibrate. What happens to airflow?

A

Airflow stops when there is no more pressure gradient

53
Q

During expiration, the Patm =_____mmHg and the Palv =_____mmHg

A

760, 762

54
Q

As gases flow down partial pressure gradients, eventually the pressures equilibrate. What happens to airflow?

A

Airflow stops when pressures equilibrate

55
Q

What are the factors that affect pulmonary ventilation?

A

Airway resistance, lung elastance and compliance

56
Q

Explain what airway resistance is

A

It depends on pressure differences and the resistance the air encounters. It can be adjusted by the neurons of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which is the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

57
Q

Bronchodilation (relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of bronchioles) or an increase in the radius of the airways, is be mediated by the_____division of the autonomic nervous system and will therefore increase airflow and decrease resistance

A

sympathetic

58
Q

Bronchoconstriction (contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of bronchioles) or an increase in the radius of the airways, is be mediated by the_____division of the autonomic nervous system and will therefore decrease airflow and increase resistance

A

parasympathetic

59
Q

Explain what lung elastance and compliance is

A

Elastance: the ability of the lung to elastically recoil during expiration

Compliance: the ability of the lung to stretch during inspiration

60
Q

The steepness of the ____gradient between the atmosphere drives pulmonary ventilation.

A

pressure

61
Q

A decrease in elastance will greatly affect_____

A

expiration

62
Q

______(resulting form a thin layer of fluid lining the alveoli) can lower lung compliance

A

Surface tension

63
Q

____is a detergent-like mixture released from____ alveolar cells

A

Surfactant, type 2

64
Q

Surfactant can_____surface tension and therefore_____lung compliance

A

decrease, increase

65
Q

A more compliant lung inflates_____easily

A

More

66
Q

The respiratory control center (consisting of several clusters of neurons) is located in the brain, specifically the_____ and the____

A

medulla oblongata, pons

67
Q

The RCC is where signals arise that eventually lead to the contraction of_____ muscles, like the diaphragm and external intercostals

A

inspiratory

68
Q

Contraction of these muscles will expand the chest cage and ____lung volume. This, in turn, will ____the pressure in the lung to initiate______

A

increase, decrease, inspiration

69
Q

Factors that can change the regular breathing pattern set by the RCC include input from the_____, which allows us to voluntarily change our breathing and chemical stimuli (CO2, O2, H+), which mediate their effects via____-receptors

A

cerebral cortex, chemo-receptors

70
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located in the_____of the brain and constantly sample the____fluid. They closely monitor changes in blood____levels.

A

medulla, cerebrospinal, CO2

71
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the ____arch and ____arteries and monitor____,____, and _____ levels in the blood.

A

aortic, carotid, H+, CO2, O2

72
Q

______is much more closely regulated than O2

A

CO2

73
Q

Whenever CO2 levels in the body increase, ventilation is immediately____to eliminate the extra CO2 and prevent acidification

A

increased

74
Q

____law states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure

A

Dalton’s

75
Q

The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its______pressure

A

partial

76
Q

To calculate the partial pressure of a gas, one would multiply the _____of the gas mixture by the ____of the mixture

A

percentage, total pressure

77
Q

Gases always move from areas of______to_____partial pressure

A

higher, lower

78
Q

_____law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure gradient and the______for the gas

A

Henry’s, solubility

79
Q

O2 is much____soluble than CO2 (it’s transfer becomes problematic in conditions like edema)

A

less

80
Q

Indicate the atmospheric PO2 and PCO2 at sea level

A

PO2=160, PCO2=0.3

81
Q

Indicate the alveolus PO2 and PCO2 at sea level

A

PO2=100, PCO2=40

82
Q

Indicate the arterial blood PO2 and PCO2 at sea level

A

PO2=100, PCO2=40

83
Q

Indicate the venous blood PO2 and PCO2 at sea level

A

PO2=40, PCO2= 45

84
Q

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is referred to as ______.

A

External respiration

85
Q

In external respiration, O2 moves from_____to______and CO2 moves from_____to the_____ down their partial pressure gradients. The result of this is the conversion of ______blood into_____blood

A

alveoli to pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli, deoxygenated into oxygenated

86
Q

The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a ____O2 (PO2 =____mmHg) and a ____CO2 (PCO2=____mmHg) content.

A

low: PO2=40mmHg, high: PCO2=45 mmHg

87
Q

Because the PO2 in the alveolus is ____than the POS in the pulmonary capillaries, O2 will move from_____ to ______. At the same time, CO2 will move from_____to____ because the partial pressure of CO2 is_____in the______than the alveolus

A

higher, alveoli to pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli, higher, pulmonary capillaries

88
Q

Blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries therefore has a ____O2 content and ____CO2 content. This blood is heading to the systemic capillaries via the____side of the heart

A

high, low, left

89
Q

The blood entering the systemic capillaries has a_____PO2 and a_____PCO2.

A

high, low

90
Q

At the arteriolar end of the systemic capillary the PO2=____mmHg and the PCO2 is____mmHg. O2 then moves from____to the_____down its partial pressure gradient. At the same time, CO2 moves from____to_____ down its partial pressure gradient.

A

PO2=100, PCO2=40 mmHg, systemic capillaries to the tissues, the tissues to the systemic capillaries

91
Q

The blood leaving the systemic capillaries has PO2 of_____mmHg and a PCO2 of _____mmHg. This blood is headed to the pulmonary capillaries via the___side of the heart

A

PO2=40mmHg, PCO2=45mmHg, right

92
Q

The respiratory membrane refers to the layers separating the_____of the lung from the____capillaries

A

alveoli, pulmonary

93
Q

What are the layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

Type 1 alveolar cell, alveolar basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, endothelial cell of the pulmonary capillary

94
Q

Factors affecting the rate of external respiration include:

A

partial pressure differences of gases, solubility of a gas, surface area available for gas exchange, and diffusion distance

95
Q

Altitude would ______the partial pressure gradient for O2

A

decrease

96
Q

The higher the solubility of a gas, the _____the rate of external respiration

A

greater

97
Q

Which is more soluble? O2 or CO2?

A

CO2

98
Q

In which clinical condition is the transfer of O2 inhibited due to its low solubility? Explain why.

A

In pulmonary edema, O2 diffusion is very limited because it has low solubility, and CO2 will be able to diffuse very quickly

99
Q

An increase in diffusion distance will____the rate of external respiration

A

decrease

100
Q

In the condition of fibrotic lung disease, the diffusion distance is______and gas is_____

A

increased, impaired

101
Q
A

Human Anatomy and Physiology 02 (1 decks)

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