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The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is included in The Respiratory System

A

the System includes the lungs, pathways connecting them to the outside environment, and structures in the chest involved with moving air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

Respiratory system principles

A

Movement of an oxygen-containing medium so it contacts a moist membrane overlying blood vessels.
Diffusion of oxygen from the medium into the blood.
Transport of oxygen to the tissues and cells of the body.
Diffusion of oxygen from the blood into cells.
Carbon dioxide follows a reverse path

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3
Q

Air components Air breathed in & Air breathed out

A

Air breathed / in Air breathed out
21 % oxygen / 15 % oxygen
0.04 % carbon dioxide. / 4 % carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What is breathing?

A

Breathing or external respiration is the inhalation and exhalation of air and the gases it contains

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5
Q

The human respiratory system is categories into two type

A

Upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx)
Lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs).

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6
Q

The nose - structure

A

1-the nose Acts as the first passageway for air entering the body Lined with a mucous membrane pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
2-Nares – two nostrils that lead into the nasal cavity
3-Septum – divides the nasal cavity into two chambers. Composed of cartilage
4-Nasal cavity – each side contains 3 nasal conchae. Connects to the paranasal sinuses – hollow spaces.

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7
Q

The nose - function

A
  • Works as the organ of smell
  • Moistens and warms the air entering the nostrils
  • Filters dust, bacteria and other matter from the air
  • Mucous membrane and cilia
  • Cilia push mucous to throat - swallowed
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8
Q

The pharynx - structure

A
  • A tube that leads from the back of the nose and mouth and divides into the oesophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)
  • 12-14cm in length
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9
Q

Pharynx - function

A

-Has roles in both the respiratory and digestive systems
-Acts as an air passage and also warms and moistens the air
-Provides an enclosed space that will allow speech muscles to initiate sound and resonate it so that it projects even better

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10
Q

Larynx - structure

A

-A tube positioned between the tongue at the back of the mouth and the trachea
-Composed of rungs of cartilage attached to each other by membranes and ligaments
-Thyroid cartilage is found at the top of the larynx
-Adam’s apple - a projection at the front of the neck formed by the thyroid cartilage

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11
Q

what are Vocal cords

A

– 2 pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue (elastic ligaments) covered with mucous membrane
* The upper pair = false vocal cords.
* The lower pair = true vocal cords

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12
Q

Larynx - function

A
  • A passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea
  • Filters bacteria
  • Warms and moistens air
  • Helps in voice production
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13
Q

Trachea - structure

A
  • A continuation of the larynx
  • A tube around 10cm long
  • Made of 20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage and involuntary muscle and connective tissue
  • Lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
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14
Q

Trachea - function

A
  • Passageway for air between the larynx and bronchi
  • The lining of the trachea has a sticky mucous lining that traps foreign substances
  • If a foreign object accidentally gets into the trachea, the ciliary cells get irritated and induce coughing to expel the object
  • When the air is cold, the trachea helps to humidify and warm the air entering the lungs
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15
Q

Bronchi – structure and function

A
  • Connect the trachea to the lungs
  • Two – left and right
  • Enter the lungs at the hilium – concave depression
  • Subdivide into different branches for the lobes of the lungs
  • Made of hyaline cartilage, involuntary muscle and connective tissue
  • Lined with ciliated epithelium
  • Pass air from the trachea into the bronchioles
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16
Q

what are Bronchioles

A
  • Composed of muscular, fibrous and elastic tissue
  • They lack hyaline cartilage
  • Become progressively smaller as they spread further into the lungs
  • Terminal bronchiole – end of conducting zone
  • Respiratory bronchiole – start of respiratory zone
  • Take air to the alveoli
  • Bronchospasm - a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles
17
Q

what is the Lungs

A
  • Two spongy organs
  • Positioned either side of the heart
  • Divided into lobes
  • Left = two lobes
  • Right = 3 lobes
  • Lobes divided into lobules
  • Lung tissue is composed of bronchioles, alveoli, blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue and elastic tissue
18
Q

what is Pleura

A
  • Serous membrane that surrounds each lung
  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
  • Pleural cavity filled with serous fluid
  • Prevents friction between the two layers during respiration
19
Q

what is Alveoli

A
  • Composed of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells
  • Surrounded by a capillary network * Functions to exchange gases between the circulatory and respiratory systems
  • Pulmonary artery delivers deoxygenated blood to the capillary network-becomes oxygenated
  • Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via the capillary network and the pulmonary veins
20
Q

Mechanism of respiration

A
  • The separate tubes and passageways described function as a whole
  • Entrance and exit of air = breathing
  • Entrance and exit of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the cells = gaseous exchange
  • Internal respiration
  • External respiration
21
Q

External respiration

A
  • The breathing in and out of air
  • The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood
  • The diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli
    Note:
  • gases diffuse from a higher pressure to a lower pressure until equal pressure is achieved
  • Difference in partial pressure
  • Diffusion occurs along a concentration gradient of the same gas
22
Q

Internal respiration

A
  • The diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the body cells
  • The diffusion of carbon dioxide from the body cells to the blood
23
Q

the Ventilation

A
  • During inspiration (inhaling),
  • The external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs up and out.
  • The diaphragm contracts, drawing it down .
  • During expiration (exhaling), these processes are reversed and the natural elasticity of the lungs returns them to their normal volume.
  • At rest, we breath 15-18 times a minute exchanging about 500 ml of air.
  • In more vigorous expiration,
  • The internal intercostal muscles draw the ribs down and inward
  • The wall of the abdomen contracts pushing the stomach and liver upward.
24
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • The diaphragm is a large muscle
  • Positioned between the chest and abdomen
  • Made of a central sheet of tendon with muscle fibres
    towards the edges
  • 3 origins
  • Posterior
  • Lateral
  • Anterior
  • Dome shaped when relaxed, flattened when contracted
  • Pierced by many structures: the oesophagus, aorta,
    and inferior vena cava
  • Spasmodic inspiratory movement of the diaphragm
    produces the characteristic sound known as hiccupping
25
Q

Functions of the diaphragm

A
  • Inspiration – increases size of thoracic cavity during contraction – flattens
  • Expiration – decreases size of thoracic cavity during relaxation – becomes dome shaped
  • Also helps with expulsive body actions:
  • Micturition
  • Defecation
  • parturition
26
Q

Intercostal muscles

A
  • Muscles between the ribs
  • Aid the diaphragm during respiration
  • Contract at the same time as diaphragm - lift rib cage up and outwards
  • Nerve impulses delivered by the intercostal nerves tell the muscles when to contract and relax
27
Q

what happen when the body need more oxygen

A
  • Chemoreceptors found in the aorta and carotid arteries detect low levels of oxygen and high levels of carbon dioxide – send impulses
  • When the level of CO2
    is too high and the level of O2
    is too low a
    nerve impulse is sent to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve
28
Q

Regulation of breathing

A

-Respiratory centre
* Stimulates inspiration
* Controls the depth of breathing
* Regulates frequency of breathing
-Pons Varolii
* Stops inspiration = expiration
-Respiratory centre tells diaphragm when to contract
* Air sucked into the lungs
* Stimulates stretch receptors found in lung tissue
* Receptors send impulses to pons Varolii
* Pons Varolii sends impulses to the diaphragm to relax
* Result = expiration

29
Q

Local control of
breathing

A
  • The smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchioles is very sensitive to the concentration of CO2
  • A rising level of CO2 causes the bronchioles to dilate
  • This lowers the resistance in the airways and thus increases the flow of air in and out.
30
Q

what is Bronchitis

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
  • Coughing, shortness of breath and fatigue
  • Caused by smoking and infections
31
Q

what is Emphysema

A
  • Alveoli stretch and lose their elasticity
  • Prevents effective breathing
  • Causes cough, shortness of breath and wheezing
32
Q

what is Pneumonia

A
  • Inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infection
  • Lungs fill with fluid
  • Causes cough, fever, headache and chest pain
  • Can be fatal
33
Q

what is Asthma

A
  • Difficulty in exhalation
  • Coughing and wheezing
  • Often caused by allergies

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