Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MSE-2027-Cell and Molecular Pathology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Give general overview of respiratory system (3)

A

right lung bigger than left
nose filters through 4 stages
alveolar epithelium cover surface area of 100m^2 & contains over 700 million individual alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are lungs kept partially inflated?

A

by rigidity of the chest wall, which resists the tendency of lungs to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens to the pressure of the lung because of the rigidity of the chest wall

A

causes a slight sub atmospheric pressure between outer surface of the lung and the inner wall of the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why does fluid cover the pleural membranes (lung surfaces)?

A

allows movement of the lungs within the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is mouth breathing bad?

A

the air bypasses the 4 stages and therefore causes sores throats, illnesses, infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the major functions of the respiratory system? (4)

A

air conditioning
regulating the pH of blood
olfaction
phonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what cell type do serous membranes have?

A

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the mesothelium cover?

A

closed body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is serous tissue also called?

A

mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of cancer can occur in the mesothelium?

A

mesothelioma- cancer from xposure to asbestos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the tissue surrounding the lung called?

A

parietal or visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which cavities does the mucosa cover? (4)

A

gastrointestinal
respiratory
urinary bladder
uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the respiratory zones? (4)

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the conducting zones? (8)

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the respiratory zones?

A

conduction- they deliver inspired air into the gas exchanging zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the nasal cavity provide? (2)

A

a large SA for warming and moisturizing inspired air
trapping inhaled particulate matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the architecture of the nose

A

nasal cavities are paired chambers separated by bony and cartilaginous septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name the 3 regions the chambers are divided into

A

vestibule
respiratory region
olfactory region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what kind of glands does the nasal and sinus submucosa contain? (2)

A

mucous
serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

forms a part of the external nose and communicates with external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the vestibule lined with?

A

non-keratonised stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the vestibule contain?

A

vibrissae (stiff hairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of cell do stratified squamous epithelium transition to away from the vestibule?

A

pseudo-stratified epithelium with occasional mucous goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is meant by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?

A

they are tall, singular layers of cells on a basal layer and the nuclei are positioned in a way that is similar to stratified epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do you expect to see when looking at respiratory epithelium?
a stacking of nuclei as the cells are mostly 2 layers of cells stacked on top of each other
26
what is the function of a stratified epithelium?
protective
27
what are the 5 cell types you would see in the respiratory epithelium?
ciliated epithelial cells goblet cells brush cells kulchitsky cells basal cells
28
what are conchae?
shelf like bony projections which cause folds in the nose
29
what is the role of the conchae? (3)
divide nasal cavity into separate air chambers increase the SA and cause turbulence in air flow increases the efficiency with which the inspired air is warmed & filtered
30
where is the olfactory mucosa located?
roof of nasal cavity
31
what type of epithelium does the olfactory mucosa have?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
32
what gives mucosa its yellowish-brown colour?
lipofuscin in the supporting cells
33
what is the role of supporting cells in the olfactory mucosa?
provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells also synthesise and secrete odorant bidning proteins
34
what is teh Bowman's gland?
a short duct which penetrates the olfactory epithelium
35
what is the function of the Bowmen's gland?
produces a secretion which can act as a solvent in which odorous substances dissolve
36
what is lipofuscin stained with?
long ZN staining method
37
what is the long ZN staining useful for?
diagnosing degenerative neuro metabolic disorders
38
explain the olfactory vesicle
a cell which has long, thin cilia rising from the olfactory vesicle and extend to the surface of the epithelium. the cilia detect odor molecules. the basal end of the cell has an un-myelinated axon. collections of these axons are grouped together that pass through a thin plate of the ethnoid bone - looks like a colander with spaghetti through the holes
39
where do these axons end up?
enter the olfactory bulb of the brain
40
what are the two main causes of inflamation of the nose?
Rhinitis; such as hey fever and common cold nasal polyps
41
what is the pharynx?
passageway for air and food
42
what does the pharynx connect?
connects the nasal and oral cavities to larynx and oesophagus
43
what is the pharynx divided into? (3)
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
44
what is MALT?
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
45
what is the function of MALT?
samples inhaled antigenic material and prepares defense mechanisms against it
46
what does the laryngeal region compromise of? (3)
epiglottis true vocal cords false vocal cords
47
what is the function of the larynx/laryngeal region? (3)
prevents inspired air entering the oesophagus prevents ingested food and fluid entering trachea permits the production of complex sounds
48
describe the epiglottis
consists of a sheet of elastic cartilage covered by mucosa on both sides
49
how does the epiglottis prevent food/liquids passing into the trachea?
closes the tracheal opening when swallowing
50
what type of cell covers interior surface of the epiglottis?
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
51
what type of cell covers the posterior surface?
two types of cells; upper half is stratified squamous epithelium, lower half is covered ciliated in pseudo stratified columnar epithelia
52
what allows for the lubrication of the oesophagus?
serous mucus glands in the lower half of the epiglottis secrete substance
53
what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
provide protection to underlying tissue
54
why does the epiglottis need protection?
abrasions from movement and food
55
what are vocal cords?
the laryngeal mucosa is pushed out into the laryngeal lumen to form two pairs of folds
56
what is the function of the true vocal cords?
responsible for the production of sound by vibrating in a stream of forcibly expressed air
57
what is the function of the false vocal cords?
they modify the sound produced by the vibrating true cords
58
how else is sound modified?
by the vibration around the nasal and oral cavities and the control imposed on the sound emitted by movements of the tongue and lips
59
what type of cells are the true vocal cords covered in?
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
60
why are the true vocal cords covered in stratified squamous epithelium?
because they are subject to mechanical stress
61
what is the most frequent malignant tumour of the larynx?
squamous cell carcinoma, affects males> 40yrs who smoke
62
what is under the larynx?
trachea
63
how many layers does the trachea have?
4 and lined with respiratory mucosa
64
describe the shape of the trachea
has 15-20 C- shaped hyaline cartilage rings and bifurcates into 2 main bronchi
65
what is the pericardium?
the pericardium is a dense connective tissue surrounding the C-shaped cartilage
66
explain cystic fibrosis (4)
inherited metabolic disease mutation in the CFTR protein cells unable to move chloride, sodium ions, and water effectively susceptible to lung infections, pseudomonas aeruginosa & aspergillus, staph aureus
66
explain cystic fibrosis (4)
inherited metabolic disease mutation in the CFTR protein cells unable to move chloride, sodium ions, and water effectively susceptible to lung infections, pseudomonas aeruginosa & aspergillus, staph aureus
67
where do the main bronchus enter in the lungs
the hilum with pulmonary arteries
68
where does the conducting zone of the respiratory tract stop?
the terminal bronchiole
69
describe the alveoli (2)
terminal air spaces sites of gas exchange
70
describe type 1 pneumocytes (4)
thin simple squamous cells not capable of cell division compromise of 40% of alveolar lining cells lining 95% of the surface of alveoli
71
describe type 2 pneumocytes (7)
secretory cells stem cells for Type 1 60% of alveolar lining cells only cover 5% of alveolar air surface cuboidal in shape mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins have microvilli on surface
72
what is a closed method of biopsy?
performed through the skin or through the nasal cavity with an endoscope
73
what is an open method of biopsy?
operation under general anaesthesia
74
give examples of closed methods (4)
laryngoscopy bronchoscopy needle biopsy thoracoscopic biopsy (VATS)
75
How is a laryngoscopy/broncoscopy conducted
thin, flexible fibre optic tube with a light and camera at the end is shoved through the nose
76
what is used to decalcify specimens? (5)
nitric acid hydrochloric acid formic acid EDTA trisodium citrate
77
what is true cut biopsy?
a biopsy needle called a Temno is used to collect a biopsy sample
78
explain a thoracoscopy biopsy (VATS)
3 incisions are made through chest wall into chest cavity
79
explain asbestosis (3)
long term inflammation and scarring of lungs from asbestos causes shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest pain leads to lung cancer or pulmonary heart disease

MSE-2027-Cell and Molecular Pathology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions