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MSE-2027-Cell and Molecular Pathology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Give general overview of respiratory system (3)

A

right lung bigger than left
nose filters through 4 stages
alveolar epithelium cover surface area of 100m^2 & contains over 700 million individual alveoli

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2
Q

How are lungs kept partially inflated?

A

by rigidity of the chest wall, which resists the tendency of lungs to collapse

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3
Q

what happens to the pressure of the lung because of the rigidity of the chest wall

A

causes a slight sub atmospheric pressure between outer surface of the lung and the inner wall of the thorax

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4
Q

why does fluid cover the pleural membranes (lung surfaces)?

A

allows movement of the lungs within the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

why is mouth breathing bad?

A

the air bypasses the 4 stages and therefore causes sores throats, illnesses, infections

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6
Q

what are the major functions of the respiratory system? (4)

A

air conditioning
regulating the pH of blood
olfaction
phonation

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7
Q

what cell type do serous membranes have?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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8
Q

what does the mesothelium cover?

A

closed body cavities

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9
Q

what is serous tissue also called?

A

mesothelium

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10
Q

what type of cancer can occur in the mesothelium?

A

mesothelioma- cancer from xposure to asbestos

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11
Q

what is the tissue surrounding the lung called?

A

parietal or visceral pleura

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12
Q

which cavities does the mucosa cover? (4)

A

gastrointestinal
respiratory
urinary bladder
uterus

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13
Q

what are the respiratory zones? (4)

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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14
Q

what are the conducting zones? (8)

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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15
Q

what is the function of the respiratory zones?

A

conduction- they deliver inspired air into the gas exchanging zones

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16
Q

what does the nasal cavity provide? (2)

A

a large SA for warming and moisturizing inspired air
trapping inhaled particulate matter

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17
Q

describe the architecture of the nose

A

nasal cavities are paired chambers separated by bony and cartilaginous septum

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18
Q

name the 3 regions the chambers are divided into

A

vestibule
respiratory region
olfactory region

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19
Q

what kind of glands does the nasal and sinus submucosa contain? (2)

A

mucous
serous

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20
Q

what is the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

forms a part of the external nose and communicates with external environment

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21
Q

what is the vestibule lined with?

A

non-keratonised stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

what does the vestibule contain?

A

vibrissae (stiff hairs)

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23
Q

what type of cell do stratified squamous epithelium transition to away from the vestibule?

A

pseudo-stratified epithelium with occasional mucous goblet cells

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24
Q

what is meant by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?

A

they are tall, singular layers of cells on a basal layer and the nuclei are positioned in a way that is similar to stratified epithelium

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25
Q

what do you expect to see when looking at respiratory epithelium?

A

a stacking of nuclei as the cells are mostly 2 layers of cells stacked on top of each other

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26
Q

what is the function of a stratified epithelium?

A

protective

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27
Q

what are the 5 cell types you would see in the respiratory epithelium?

A

ciliated epithelial cells
goblet cells
brush cells
kulchitsky cells
basal cells

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28
Q

what are conchae?

A

shelf like bony projections which cause folds in the nose

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29
Q

what is the role of the conchae? (3)

A

divide nasal cavity into separate air chambers
increase the SA and cause turbulence in air flow
increases the efficiency with which the inspired air is warmed & filtered

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30
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa located?

A

roof of nasal cavity

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31
Q

what type of epithelium does the olfactory mucosa have?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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32
Q

what gives mucosa its yellowish-brown colour?

A

lipofuscin in the supporting cells

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33
Q

what is the role of supporting cells in the olfactory mucosa?

A

provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells
also synthesise and secrete odorant bidning proteins

34
Q

what is teh Bowman’s gland?

A

a short duct which penetrates the olfactory epithelium

35
Q

what is the function of the Bowmen’s gland?

A

produces a secretion which can act as a solvent in which odorous substances dissolve

36
Q

what is lipofuscin stained with?

A

long ZN staining method

37
Q

what is the long ZN staining useful for?

A

diagnosing degenerative neuro metabolic disorders

38
Q

explain the olfactory vesicle

A

a cell which has long, thin cilia rising from the olfactory vesicle and extend to the surface of the epithelium. the cilia detect odor molecules. the basal end of the cell has an un-myelinated axon. collections of these axons are grouped together that pass through a thin plate of the ethnoid bone - looks like a colander with spaghetti through the holes

39
Q

where do these axons end up?

A

enter the olfactory bulb of the brain

40
Q

what are the two main causes of inflamation of the nose?

A

Rhinitis; such as hey fever and common cold
nasal polyps

41
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

passageway for air and food

42
Q

what does the pharynx connect?

A

connects the nasal and oral cavities to larynx and oesophagus

43
Q

what is the pharynx divided into? (3)

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

44
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

45
Q

what is the function of MALT?

A

samples inhaled antigenic material and prepares defense mechanisms against it

46
Q

what does the laryngeal region compromise of? (3)

A

epiglottis
true vocal cords
false vocal cords

47
Q

what is the function of the larynx/laryngeal region? (3)

A

prevents inspired air entering the oesophagus
prevents ingested food and fluid entering trachea
permits the production of complex sounds

48
Q

describe the epiglottis

A

consists of a sheet of elastic cartilage covered by mucosa on both sides

49
Q

how does the epiglottis prevent food/liquids passing into the trachea?

A

closes the tracheal opening when swallowing

50
Q

what type of cell covers interior surface of the epiglottis?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

51
Q

what type of cell covers the posterior surface?

A

two types of cells; upper half is stratified squamous epithelium, lower half is covered ciliated in pseudo stratified columnar epithelia

52
Q

what allows for the lubrication of the oesophagus?

A

serous mucus glands in the lower half of the epiglottis secrete substance

53
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

provide protection to underlying tissue

54
Q

why does the epiglottis need protection?

A

abrasions from movement and food

55
Q

what are vocal cords?

A

the laryngeal mucosa is pushed out into the laryngeal lumen to form two pairs of folds

56
Q

what is the function of the true vocal cords?

A

responsible for the production of sound by vibrating in a stream of forcibly expressed air

57
Q

what is the function of the false vocal cords?

A

they modify the sound produced by the vibrating true cords

58
Q

how else is sound modified?

A

by the vibration around the nasal and oral cavities and the control imposed on the sound emitted by movements of the tongue and lips

59
Q

what type of cells are the true vocal cords covered in?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

why are the true vocal cords covered in stratified squamous epithelium?

A

because they are subject to mechanical stress

61
Q

what is the most frequent malignant tumour of the larynx?

A

squamous cell carcinoma, affects males> 40yrs who smoke

62
Q

what is under the larynx?

A

trachea

63
Q

how many layers does the trachea have?

A

4 and lined with respiratory mucosa

64
Q

describe the shape of the trachea

A

has 15-20 C- shaped hyaline cartilage rings and bifurcates into 2 main bronchi

65
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

the pericardium is a dense connective tissue surrounding the C-shaped cartilage

66
Q

explain cystic fibrosis (4)

A

inherited metabolic disease
mutation in the CFTR protein
cells unable to move chloride, sodium ions, and water effectively
susceptible to lung infections, pseudomonas aeruginosa & aspergillus, staph aureus

66
Q

explain cystic fibrosis (4)

A

inherited metabolic disease
mutation in the CFTR protein
cells unable to move chloride, sodium ions, and water effectively
susceptible to lung infections, pseudomonas aeruginosa & aspergillus, staph aureus

67
Q

where do the main bronchus enter in the lungs

A

the hilum with pulmonary arteries

68
Q

where does the conducting zone of the respiratory tract stop?

A

the terminal bronchiole

69
Q

describe the alveoli (2)

A

terminal air spaces
sites of gas exchange

70
Q

describe type 1 pneumocytes (4)

A

thin simple squamous cells
not capable of cell division
compromise of 40% of alveolar lining cells
lining 95% of the surface of alveoli

71
Q

describe type 2 pneumocytes (7)

A

secretory cells
stem cells for Type 1
60% of alveolar lining cells
only cover 5% of alveolar air surface
cuboidal in shape
mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins
have microvilli on surface

72
Q

what is a closed method of biopsy?

A

performed through the skin or through the nasal cavity with an endoscope

73
Q

what is an open method of biopsy?

A

operation under general anaesthesia

74
Q

give examples of closed methods (4)

A

laryngoscopy
bronchoscopy
needle biopsy
thoracoscopic biopsy (VATS)

75
Q

How is a laryngoscopy/broncoscopy conducted

A

thin, flexible fibre optic tube with a light and camera at the end is shoved through the nose

76
Q

what is used to decalcify specimens? (5)

A

nitric acid
hydrochloric acid
formic acid
EDTA
trisodium citrate

77
Q

what is true cut biopsy?

A

a biopsy needle called a Temno is used to collect a biopsy sample

78
Q

explain a thoracoscopy biopsy (VATS)

A

3 incisions are made through chest wall into chest cavity

79
Q

explain asbestosis (3)

A

long term inflammation and scarring of lungs from asbestos
causes shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest pain
leads to lung cancer or pulmonary heart disease

MSE-2027-Cell and Molecular Pathology (9 decks)

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