The Respiratory System Flashcards
Function of respiratory system
Exchange of O2 and CO2
Inhalation
Taking air into the lungs
Exhalation
Taking air out of the lungs
Organs: in order
- Nose, nasal cavities
- Pharynx (throat)
- Larynx (voice box)
- Trachea (wind pipe)
- L and R primary bronchi
Functions:
-transport air
-make air warm = core body temperature
-make air clean
-make air humid
= lining the airways which is mucous membrane and secretes mucus
In lungs: Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi . . . Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli (place for exchange of O2 and CO2)
Organs: upper respiratory organs
Organs located in head and neck
Lining of the airways
Mucus membrane
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cell which secret mucous
Respiratory mucosa location
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi (all)
Nose: nasal cavities
Lining: respiratory mucosa is call nasal epithelium
Nasal septum
Cartilage
Vomer bone
Ethmoid bone
Nose septum
The wall between two nasal cavities
Conchae
Increase surface of the nose
Line with nasal epithelium
Make more air clean, warm, and humid
Floor of the nose is called
Palate
Hard palate
4 bones, palatine, maxillary
Soft palate
Uvula
Paranasal sinuses:
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
“para” meaning around
Around the nose and open to nose
Functions: make skull lighter, voice better, participate in sense of smell
Contain air
stops food from entering to trachea
Uvula
Aspiration
solid or liquid in the airways
Epiglottis
elastic cartilage
Function: covers glottis when swallow food or stops food from entering to trachea
Glottis
space between vocal cords
Larynx
Bone, 1 :
Hyoid bone, U shape and the only bone which wont make joint with other bones
Cartilages, 9 :
6 of these cartilages are small and paired (3 pairs)
3 of these cartilages are large:
1. Thyroid cartilage, Adams Apple, Hyaline cartilage
2. Epiglottis, elastic cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage, hyaline and the only cartilage
which makes a complete ring, to keep the opening of the trachea open. RR= 12-16/min
Trachea
location: Mediastinum, in front of esophagus
lining: mucous membrane, smooth muscle
15-25 C shaped cartilages - stop trachea from collapsing
C shaped: with esophagus, allows food to go down
L primary bronchus
1, longer, narrower, angled
R primary bronchus
1, shorter, wider, straight
(right lung is more prone to aspiration)
(by gravity, when we swallow, it will go to the right side, path of least resistance)
branches of the Trachea
L and R bronchus
secondary bronchi
or lobar bronchi: 5
2 left side
3 right side
tertiary bronchi
18,
8 left side
10 right side
bronchioles
small airways with no C shape cartilages
alveolar ducts
alveoli
Respiratory membrane:
Between air in alveoli and blood in capillary there is a wall which is called respiratory membrane.
- wall of the alveoli
- interstitial space
- wall of capillaries
what stops alveoli from collapsing?
surfactant: fat, decreases surface tension of water means it stop alveoli from collapsing
alveolar cells
phagocytosis
Pneumonia
infection of the lungs
- viral
- bacterial
L lung
longer and narrower
oblique fissure
2 lobes
R lung
shorter and wider
oblique fissure, horizontal or transverse fissure
3 lobes
apex
most of air in apex because air is light
base
more prone to collapse
pleura
serous membrane called pleura
Pleura:
1. visceral pleura
2. parietal pleura
pleural space: a few drops of fluid for lubrication, between visceral and parietal pleura
types of tissue in the lung
elastic connective tissue
control of respiration
brain
brainstem
pons - rate and depth
medulla oblongata - inspiration and expiration center
transportation oxygen:
98.5% of O2
enter in to RBC’s
bonds to Hb: O2 + Hb = HbO2 : Oxyhemoglobin, lungs : more O2
HbO2 = O2 + Hb : Deoxyhemoglobin, tissue : less O2
Oxygenated blood: 98-100%
deliverable: 25%
deoxygenated blood: 75%
1.5% of O2 dissolves in water of blood plasma
Transportation of CO2:
7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma
23% of CO2 enters to RBC’s, Bond to Hb: CO2 + Hb = HbCO2 = carbaminohemoglobin
HbCO2 = Hb + CO2 = happens in lungs and gets exhaled
70% of CO2: enters to RBC’s, dissolves in the RBC’s cytoplasmic water
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = carbonic acids
carbonic anhydrase bonds CO2 and H2O
H+ (hydrogen ion) + HCO3 (bicarbonate)
why Bicarbonate injection for CPR?
- to stimulate respiratory centers in brain stem
2. to decrease H+ : in order to decrease acidosis
