The Reproductive System Problems

Question 1

Syphilis / sífilis

Answer 1

a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum; The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration), secondary syphilis with a diffuse rash which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, latent syphilis with little to no symptoms, and tertiary syphilis with gummas, neurological, or cardiac symptoms

Question 2

Gonorrhea / gonorrea

Answer 2

a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium; can grow easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb), and fallopian tubes (egg canals) in women, and in the urethra (urine canal) in women and men. The bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes, and anus

Question 3

Chlamydia / Clamidia

Answer 3

a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia can infect both men and women and can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive organs

Question 4

Herpes / Herpes

Answer 4

is easily human transmissible. It is passed from one person to another by close, direct contact. The most common mode of transmission is through vaginal, anal or oral sex

Question 5

HIV / Virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH)

Answer 5

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (slowly replicating retrovirus) that causes AIDS, a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells

Question 6

AIDS / SIDA

Answer 6

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); a disease caused by infection with HIV; during the initial infection, a person may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. This is typically followed by a prolonged period without symptoms. As the illness progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect people who have working immune systems

Question 7

HPV / Virus del papiloma humano

Answer 7

Human papillomavirus (HPV); a DNA virus; establishes productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can cause warts (verrucae), while others can—in a minority of cases—lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, oropharynx and anus; recently linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease; HPV 16 and 18 infections are strongly associated with an increased odds ratio of developing oropharyngeal (throat) cancer

Question 8

Colposcopy / Colposcopia

Answer 8

a procedure to closely examine your cervix, vagina and vulva for signs of disease. During colposcopy, your doctor uses a special instrument called a colposcope

Question 9

Yeast Infection / Infección de la levadura

Answer 9

a type of vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) characterized by vaginal irritation, intense itchiness and vaginal discharge. A vaginal yeast infection affects your vagina and the tissues at the opening to your vagina (vulva)

Question 10

Abortion / Aborto

Answer 10

the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability

Question 11

Miscarriage / abortar de forma natural

Answer 11

the spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. (Pregnancy losses after the 20th week are called preterm deliveries.)

Question 12

Stillbirth / nacimiento de un niño muerto

Answer 12

occurs when a fetus has died in the uterus

Question 13

Breeched / nacio de nalgas

Answer 13

the birth of a baby from a breech presentation, in which the baby exits the pelvis with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head-first presentation. In breech presentation, fetal heart sounds are heard just above the umbilicus

Question 14

Pre-eclampsia / La Pre-eclampsia

Answer 14

when a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week (late 2nd or 3rd trimester) of pregnancy

Question 15

Ectopic Pregnancy / Embarazo ectópico

Answer 15

a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). It is life-threatening to the mother

Question 16

D & C

Answer 16

refers to the dilation (widening/opening) of the cervix and surgical removal of part of the lining of the uterus and/or contents of the uterus by scraping and scooping (curettage). It is a therapeutic gynecological procedure as well as a rarely used method of first trimester abortion

Question 17

Genetic Counseling / Asesoría genética

Answer 17

the process, by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning. This complex process can be separated into diagnostic (the actual estimation of risk) and supportive aspects

Question 18

Chromosomes / Cromosoma

Answer 18

an organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomal DNA encodes most or all of an organism’s genetic information; some species also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal genetic elements

Question 19

Trisomy 18 / La trisomía 18

Answer 19

“Edwards syndrome”; a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome; almost always results from nondisjunction during meiosis; one in 6,000 live births and around 80 percent of those affected are female; majority of fetuses with the syndrome die before birth; the incidence increases as the mother’s age increases. The syndrome has a very low rate of survival, resulting from heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders