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BRS Endocrinology > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is seminal fluid made?

A

Prostate and seminal vesicles

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2
Q

What is seminal fluid made up of?

A 
Fructose 
Citric acid 
Bicarbonate 
Fibrinogen 
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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3
Q

Purpose of bicarbonate?

A

Used to neutralise the acidic environment of the vagina

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4
Q

Testes (male gonads)

A

Held in scrotum
Produce sperm
Lower temperature by 2-3° to help for storage of sperm (if temp increases then sperm production stops)
Arterial blood supply are testicular arteries from aorta via spermatic chord
Lymphatic drainage via para-aortic lymph nodes

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5
Q

Ductus deferens

A

Transports sperm to penis

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6
Q

Epidydimis

A

Stores and matures the sperm (if not ejaculated or broken down)

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7
Q

Penis

A

Deposits sperm in begins

Made up of 3 muscles (2 corpora cavernous and 1 corpus spongiosum)

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8
Q

Erection

A

Due to arterial relaxation as of parasympathetic stimulation resulting in increasing pressure which obstructs venous drainage

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9
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands

A

(Cowper’s glands) secret sugar-rich mucus into urethra for lubrication and contribute to pre-ejaculatory emissions from penis

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10
Q

Spermatic cord

A

Suspends the tastes
Formed at deep inguinal ring
Passes along inguinal canal and the down to scrotum
Contains 9 structures

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11
Q

9 structures of spermatic cord

A 
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
Autonomic nerves
Lymph vessels
Artery of Vas 
Cremasteric Artery 
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve 
Remnants of processes vaginalis
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12
Q

3 connective tissue layers of testis

A

(Inside to Outside)
Tunica Vasculosa - contains blood vessels
Tunica Albuginea - forms the septa dividing the testis into lobules
Tunica Vaginalis - covers testis and epididymis

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13
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules with closed loops per lobule of which there are 300 in each testis separated by septa.
Seminiferous tubules drain into testis and then epidydimis for storage which can be palpated, at the end is the Ductus deferens.

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14
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

Surrounded by smooth muscles
Travels with the testicular artery/ veins/ nerves in the spermatic cord.
Empties into the junction with the duct of the seminal vesicle.
Easily palpable in scrotum which allows male sterilisation (vasectomy) with minimal incision.

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15
Q

Female reproductive tract - egg from ovary to uterus

A

Ovaries produce and store eggs held by fimbriae. Once egg is released there are cilia and spiral muscle around Fallopian tube to help waft the egg along. Egg typically fertilised in the widest area aka the ampulla and passes down into the uterus.

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16
Q

Three layers of the uterus

A

Endometrium (inside, susceptible to hormonal changes and contains lots of spiral arteries)
Myometrium (muscle)
Perimetrium

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17
Q

What causes menstrual pain

A

When progesterone levels drop causes constriction of the arterial which causes ischemia of the endometrial layer and therefore shedding causing menstrual pain

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18
Q

Cervix

A

Made up of internal and external os

Smear test uses external os to identify for cervical cancer

19
Q

Vagina

A

Non-sterile (as opposed to sterile environment superior to the cervix)
Contains lactobacillus vaginalis - bacterium which converts glycogen to lactic acid lowering pH (not sperm friendly)

20
Q

Ovaries arterial blood supply and lymphatic drainage

A

Ovarian arteries from aorta

Para-aortic lymphatic nodes

21
Q

Uterus/vaginal arterial blood supply and lymphatic drainage

A

Uterine arteries from internal iliac a

Liliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymphatic nodes

22
Q

Gametogenesis (males)

A

Gamete production
Begins at puberty
Spermatogonia undergo differentiation and self-renewal
Pool available for subsequent spermatogenic cycles throughout life (continuous fertility)
Produce 1,500 mature sperm/second

22
Q

Spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium (diploid)
mitosis
1° Spermatocytes
1st meiotic division 
2° Spermatocytes (haploid)
2nd meiotic division 
Spermatids
Differentiation
Spermatozoa
23
Q

Reproductive Hormone Production - Males

A 
Androgens:
- testosterone
- dihydrotestosterone 
- androstenedione
Inhibin + Activin (inhibit LSH production, stimulates FSH production)
Oestrogen
24
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Within seminiferous tubules
FSH receptors
Support developing germ cells
Assist movement of germ cells to tubular lumen
Transfer nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells
Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells
Hormone synthesis (inhibin, activity, anti-mullerian hormone AMH, androgen-binding protein ABP)

25
Q

Leydig Cells

A 
Between seminiferous tubules 
Pale cytoplasm as cholesterol rich 
LH receptors
Hormone synthesis:
On LH stimulation secrete androgens (testosterone/ androstenedione/ dehydroepiandrosterone)
26
Q

Gametogenesis (female)

A

Before birth
Multiplication of Oogonia up to 6million per ovary
Form 1° Oocytes within primordial ovarian follicles
Undergo meiosis
Some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia)
At birth
Only 2million per ovary remain
Puberty
<0.5 million per ovary remain due to further artesia

27
Q

Oogenesis

A 
Oogonium (diploid)
Mitosis 
1° Oocytes 
1st meiotic division (menarche)
2° Oocytes (haploid) 
2nd meiotic division (sperm fusion)
Ootids
Differentiation 
Ova
28
Q

The Ovary: Folliculogenesis

A
  1. Primary follicle (1° Oocyte at birth)
  2. Primary follicle (1° Oocyte and layers of granulosa cells and outer the CNS cells)
  3. Secondary follicle (fluid filled cavity develops, FSH+LH receptors)
  4. Mature follicle (forms due to LH surge, 2° Oocyte formed)
  5. Ruptures surface of ovary
    6-7. Corpus Luteum (progesterone+oestrogen production due to LH+HCG)
    - in pregnancy progesterone and oestrogen production taken over by placenta
29
Q

Reproductive Hormone Production - female

A 
Oestrogens:
-Oestradiol
-Oestrone
-Oestriol
Progesterone
Androgens:
-testosterone 
-androstenedione 
-DHEA
Relaxin 
Inhibin
30
Q

Theca Cell

A

Associated with outer part of ovarian follicles
Support folliculogenesis (structural and nutritional support of growing follicle)
Hormone Synthesis
- LH stimulates synthesis of androgens
-Overactivity (high androgen levels)

31
Q

Granulosa Cell

A

Associated with inner part of ovarian follicles
Hormone synthesis:
-FSH stimulates cells to convert androgens to oestrogens (by aromatase)
-Secrete inhibin and activin
After ovulation:
Turn into granulosa lute in cells that produce progesterone (promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium) and relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/cervix)

32
Q

Name 2 main Gonadal Sex Steroid Hormones

A

Oestradiol

Testosterone

33
Q

Precursor for sex hormones

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

Main structures involved in Reproductive Hormone Control

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Glands
Target Hormones

35
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gland Axis (for reproduction)

A

In the Hypothalamus Kisspeptin is secreted by specialised neurones which activates GnRH neurons.
This passes through the Hypophyseal-Portal circulation towards the the anterior pituitary gland to make LH and FSH at the gonadotrophs.
This pass through the systemic circulation towards target gonads testes or ovaries which produce various sex hormones
Negative Feedback: testosterone/oestrogen levels affect hormone release at hypothalamus and pituitary

36
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia’s effect on hormone release

A

Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurons in hypothalamus.
Kisspeptin release is inhibited
This decreases hormone release down the pathway (GnRH/LH/FSH/testosterone/oestrogen)
This pathway causes hypogonadism - fewer periods/ lower libido/ lower fertility/ osteoporosis (bones require testosterone+oestrogen)

37
Q

Menstrual Cycle - driven by feedback loops involving….

A
  • hypothalamic Kisspeptin & GnRH
  • Pituitary LH & FSH
  • Ovarian Oestrogen, Progesterone, Activin, Inhibin
38
Q

Two phases of Menstrual Cycle

A

Follicular Phase
Luteal Phase
Both last about 14 days, if woman’s cycle is long then first stage is prolonged

39
Q

Oligomenorrhoea

A

If length of cycle is more than 35 days

40
Q

Follicular Phase

A

LH and FSH rises
FSH stimulates follicles to mature and they start making oestrogen which slowly rises
Oestrogen stimulates the synthesis of LH receptors in the granulosa cells and growth accelerates
Oestrogen from dominant follicle and FSH now decreases due to negative feedback
As oestrogen levels rise there is a switch to positive feedback at pituitary resulting in an LH surge and lesser FSH
LH surge results in final maturation and release of dominant follicle (other follicles regress - atresia)
Ischaemic and necrotic functional layer of the endometrium is shed along with blood from the degenerating spinal arteries
Oestrogen then causes proliferation phase where endometrium proliferates to form a new functional later and the cervical mucus thins to allow sperm passage.

41
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Average length is 14days determined by lifespan of the corpus luteum which secreted progesterone and oestrogen.
Progesterone dominant and inhibits LH and FSH and so slowly the CL involuted unless hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) produced
As CL involutes progesterone and oestrogen subside again allowing FSH and LH to rise for next cycle.
Endometrium differentiates and secretes a glycogen rich fluid in preparation for a potential embryo.
Progesterone and oestrogen fall, the spiral arteries supplying the functional endometrium begin to constrict causing ischaemia and necrosis.
If pregnancy occurs then progesterone and oestrogen remain high due to continued lifespan of the CL so endometrium therefore not shed.

42
Q

Day after ovulation…..

A

Body temp increases by at least 0.5°C due to progesterone

BRS Endocrinology (9 decks)

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