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Human Structure and Function 4 > The Renal system > Flashcards

The Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

The renal system

Functions of the kidneys

A

Regulates blood volume and pressure

Regulates plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, chloride and other ions

Stabalises blood pH

Conserves valuable nutrients

Assists liver in detoxifing toxins and hormones

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2
Q

The renal system

General anatomical structure of the kidneys

A

Embedded in fat

Adrenals on upper surface

Nearly every sort of supply tube leaves via the hilus

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3
Q

The renal system

Cross section of kidney

A
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4
Q

The renal system

What supplies the kidney with blood?

A

Renal artery

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5
Q

The renal system

Renal blood supply flowchart

A
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6
Q

The renal system

Cortical nephron

A

Not really involved in the regulation of urine volume

Very small loop of Henlé

Involved in urine composition

Good lymphatic supply

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7
Q

The renal system

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Distinct loop of Henlé

Have no lympatic drainage

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8
Q

The renal system

Blood flow of juxtamedullary nephron

A

Efferent arteriole gives rise to series of stright capillaries (vesa recta)

These run parallel with the loop of Henlé

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9
Q

The renal system

What’s the importance of the direction of blood flow in the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

In opposite direction to filtrate flow throught the loop of Henlé

Same direction as the flow of fluid through the collecting duct

Sets up a counter current

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10
Q

The renal system

Bowman’s capsule

A

Contains the glomerulus

Epithelium of the capsul invests the epithelium of the capillaries

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11
Q

The renal system

Glomerulus and it’s make up

A

Group of capillaries which the blood is filtered through

Afferent arteriole splits into 20-30 capillary loops aranged in 5-8 lobes

These recombine to form the efferent arteriole

These invaginate into the blind end of the tubule

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12
Q

The renal system

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A

Produces renin

Contains baroceptors which regulate afferent and efferent arteriolar flow

Sensitive to concentration of NaCl in tubule

Can protect the nephron if it is failing

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13
Q

The renal system

How can the JGA protect the nephron if it is failing

A

Detects increase in NaCl

Reduces red blood flow and GFR

This reduces the filtering load

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14
Q

The renal system

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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15
Q

The renal system

Proximal tube structure in nephron

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Microvili form a brush border

Permeable to water and solutes

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16
Q

The renal system

What does the proximal tubule reabsorb?

A

60-70% of filtered load of ions

All organic solutes

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17
Q

The renal system

What is the site of obligatory reabsorbtion?

A

Proximal tubule

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18
Q

The renal system

Descending thin limb of the loop of Henlé

A

Flattened epithelium

Pars recta of the proximal tubule

Nucleus forms a bulge in the cell

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19
Q

The renal system

What is the descending limb of the loop of Henlé permeable to?

A

Water and solutes

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20
Q

The renal system

Ascending thick limbs of loop of Henlé

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Well developed tight junctions

Effectively impermeable to water

Well endowed with Na+, K+ and ATPase

21
Q

The renal system

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Arises from the ascending limb of the loop of Henlé

Cells are columnar

No brush border

Forms macula densa where it makes contact with the afferent arteriole

22
Q

The renal system

What is the site of facultative reabsorbtion?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

23
Q

The renal system

The collecting duct

A

Arises from the distal convoluted tubule

Formed from several distal tubules

Site of regulation of urine volume

Some acidification of the urine

24
Q

The renal system

Cell shape of the collecting duct

A

Cuboidal

25
Q

The renal system

3 steps of urine formation

A

Ultrfiltration of plasma

Reabsorbtion of water and solutes

Secretion of selected solutes into tubules

26
Q

The renal system

Why do large positively charged molecules most easily filtered by ultrafiltration?

A

Membranes of filtration unit negatively charged

27
Q

The renal system

Why is tubular reabsorbtion important?

A

Kidney filters 160L of water a day

Reabsorbs more important molecules like glucose and amino acids than the body can store

Stops these from being lost

28
Q

The renal system

GFR =

A

Kf (Pc + πt) - (Pt + πc)

29
Q

The renal system

What is Pc in GFR?

A

Glomerular cappilary hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

The renal system

What is πt in GFR?

A

Proximal tubule oncotic pressure

31
Q

The renal system

What is πc in GFR?

A

Glomerular cappilary oncotic pressure

32
Q

The renal system

What is Pt in GFR?

A

Tubular hydrostatic pressure

33
Q

The renal system

What is Kf in GFR?

A

The permeability constant for the kidneys

34
Q

The renal system

What mechanisms are responsible for regulating GFR?

A

Myogenic mechanism

Tubuloglomerular feedback

35
Q

The renal system

How does the myogenic mechanism work in regulating GFR?

A

When vascular smooth muscle is stretched in contracts

This increases blood pressure in afferent arteriole

Arteriole contracts increasing resistance

GFR decreases

36
Q

The renal system

How is most solutes transported across the tubular epithelium?

A

Na+/K ATPase pump

37
Q

The renal system

How does the Na+/K ATPase pump drive solutes across the tubular epithelium?

A

Uses Na+ as it is going down it’s concentration gradient

Symporter molecules carry specfic soluteswith the Na+

Antiporter molecules move solutes in the opposite direction to Na+

38
Q

The renal system

Where is 60-80% of all filtrate reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

39
Q

The renal system

What reabsorbs 100% of organic molecules?

A

Proximal convolted tubule

40
Q

The renal system

Obligatory reabsorbtion in proximal convoluted tubule

  • Na+
  • HCO3
A

Na+ enters down electrochemical gradient via leak channels from the lumen

Antiport with H+

Symport with glucose (goes same way)

H+ combines with HCO3 and CO2 diffuses in

Process reversed so HCO3 absorbed H+ goes back to lumen

41
Q

The renal system

What two things does the loop of Henlé do?

A

Absrobs about 50% of remaining water

Absorbs about 66% of remainging NaCl

42
Q

The renal system

Which are the permeability properties of the loop of Henlé?

A

Thin limb - permeable to water and solutes

Thick ascending limb - impermeable to water

43
Q

The renal system

How does the loop of Henlé create an osmotic gradient?

A

Na+ and Cl- pumped out of TAL into the peritubular fluid

Increases the osmotic pressure of the peritubular fluid

Causes water to flow of the the thin descending limb (TDL)

Causes increased solute concentration in fluid as it moves down TDL

Accelerates solute pumping in TAL

44
Q

The renal system

What is the area of ccontrolled ion reabsorbtion?

A

Distal convulated tubule

45
Q

The renal system

Reabsorbtion in distal convoluted tubule

A

Na+ enters with Cl- through Na+ channels

Na+ pumped out via the Na+/K+ ATPase

46
Q

The renal system

What are the Na+ channels regulated by and why in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Aldosterone

Prolonged Na+ reabsorbtion leads to K+ loss

47
Q

The renal system

How does the distal convoluted tubule control it’s K+ levels?

A

Increased Na+ reabsorbtion increases K+ concentration

K+ then diffuses out via the K+ channels

Effectively diffusion

48
Q

The renal system

How does the distal convoluted tubule secrete H+ and absorb HCO3?

A
49
Q

The renal system

What causes the cycle of HCO3 formation to occur?

A

Cabronic anhydrase

Human Structure and Function 4 (1 decks)

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