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World History > The Renaissance and Reformation > Flashcards

The Renaissance and Reformation Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Italy for the West and the wealthier world of Asia?

A

The commercial bridge

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2
Q

City-states

A

During the 14th century, Italy was made up of city centers such as Florence, Rome, and Venice

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3
Q

What type of government began to evolve in the 14th century in Italy?

A

Oligarchies

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4
Q

What city became the leading city of Renaissance Italy in the 15th century?

A

Florence

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5
Q

What originated in the 15th century?

A

Modern Diplomacy

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6
Q

what is the constitution that was signed in 1293?

A

the Ordinances of Justice

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7
Q

Which family rose to power in 1434?

A

The Medici Family

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8
Q

What does the term Humanism mean?

A

Humanism rejects supernatural explanations and focuses on the potential for positive human contributions to society and the well-being of individuals.

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9
Q

What inspired Italian Humanists during the Renaissance?

A

The classics like literature, philosophy, and art

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10
Q

What did Humanists place importance on?

A

living in this world, human dignity, and being a responsible citizen

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11
Q

what was one of the main beliefs of Humanists?

A

The belief that human being were created in the image of God

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12
Q

What did early Humanists refer to the age before theirs?

A

The Dark Ages

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13
Q

Who is usually seen as the father of Humanism?

A

Francesco Petrarch

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14
Q

what is a Renaissance Man?

A

An individual who excelled in all matters and who strove to be beyond ordinary

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15
Q

who is Niccolo Machiavelli?

A

He was a civil servant who wrote history and political philosophy

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16
Q

Which Dutch Theologian stressed the importance of education?

A

Desiderius Erasmus

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17
Q

How was the Renaissance in the North?

A

It was less secular and more interested in religious themes

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18
Q

Who was Thomas More?

A

He was a major figure in bringing the Renaissance to the North. He was an Englishman and a public servant

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19
Q

Why was Thomas More beheaded?

A

For treason after refusing to acknowledge the king was the head of the English Church

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20
Q

What is Jonathan Gutenberg responsible for?

A

Inventing the printing press in 1456

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21
Q

how did the printing press affect society?

A

it allowed ideas to spread throughout Europe to become more rapid. New forms of literature such as political pamphlets, religious tracts, and the first novels began to circulate

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22
Q

who was John Wycliffe?

A

He was an Englishman who challenged the notion that salvation was based on obedience to the papacy. He argued that individuals might receive salvation directly from God

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23
Q

Who surprisingly supported Wycliffe’s ideas?

A

Rulers who would benefit from a less powerful Church

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24
Q

Who was Jan Hus?

A

He was a Czech religious reformer and preacher who criticized various practices and teachings of the Catholic Church, including its wealth, corruption, and what he saw as deviations from biblical principles.

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25
Q

How did Jan Hus die?

A

He was burned at the stake

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26
Q

What is one of Thomas a Kempis’s most famous works?

A

The Imitation of Christ

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27
Q

How did the Reformation begin?

A

As a crisis of faith within the Church

28
Q

what was the sale of indulgences?

A

a practice in the Catholic Church where people could pay money to obtain forgiveness for their sins or reduce the time their souls would spend in purgatory after death

29
Q

how did Martin Luther feel about the sale of indulgences?

A

Luther and many others were appalled by the sale of indulgences. He believed it mocked true faith and the right path to salvation

30
Q

What did Martin Luther write blatantly attacking the sale of indulgences in 1517?

A

the 95 theses

31
Q

how did Luther believe salvation was earned?

A

Through faith alone

32
Q

what was the Diet of Worms?

A

a meeting that took place in 1521 in the city of Worms, Germany. At this meeting, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V wanted to address the growing religious disagreements within the Holy Roman Empire, particularly involving Martin Luther.

33
Q

How did Luther’s view change society?

A

In areas that adopted his view, monasteries closed, clergy married, and secular power became more important

34
Q

Who led a similar movement in Switzerland to the one led by Martin Luther?

A

Ulrich Zwingli

35
Q

who was Ulrich Zwingli?

A

a Swiss reformer who played a key role in the early years of the Protestant Reformation. He advocated for a return to biblical teachings and the rejection of practices not supported by scripture.

36
Q

what is the Peace of Augsburg?

A

a series of agreements and treaties that formally gave legitimacy to the belief that whoever rules the territory determines the religion

37
Q

Where was Lutheranism legal?

A

Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway

38
Q

who was John Calvin?

A

He was an important figure in the second generation of the Reformation. Calvin like Luther believed in Salvation through faith alone. He also emphasized the omnipotence of God and God’s sovereignty over a corrupt humanity

39
Q

how did John Calvin view the relationship between the Church and the State?

A

He believed that the state had to keep order and be the religious arm in the social and political realm

40
Q

What Church constitution did the Geneva government adopt in 1540?

A

the Ecclesiastical Ordinances

41
Q

What were the Ecclesiastical Ordinances?

A

It was a new church structure with pastors, teachers, elders, and deacons was established. It gave specific duties to ministers who preached, administered the sacraments, and provided moral guidance.

42
Q

How did the Reformation in England look like?

A

In early 16th century England, there was a disconnect from the Catholic Church. There was antipapal sentiment regarding the excessive power of the papacy in local affairs

43
Q

What did King Henry VIII do in the early 16th century?

A

He severed England’s ties to Roman Catholicism and formally established a national church

44
Q

What was established in 1534 by King Henry VIII?

A

the Act of Supremacy which stated that the King was the “Protector and only supreme head of the Church and clergy in England”

45
Q

what were 2 of Luther’s main ideas?

A

There first one was Sola fide, which is salvation by faith alone. The second one was Sola scriptura, which is authority from scripture alone

46
Q

How was education affected by the Reformation?

A

It became more widespread. Latin, Greek, Literature, and logic were taught.

47
Q

who initiated the Counter-Reformation?

A

Reformers who sought change in the Church

48
Q

what is the Jesuit Order?

A

a Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and a group of followers in 1534. The Jesuits played a significant role in the Catholic Counter-Reformation, which was the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation.

49
Q

what were some of the Jesuit’s main achievements?

A

The Jesuits regarded themselves as the army of the Church. They considered education to be crucial, they founded schools and assumed major posts in Catholic education

50
Q

What is the Council of Trent?

A

The Council of Trent became a mechanism for reforming the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent put an end to the sale of indulgences.
Seminaries for the education and training of priests were established. Clerical celibacy was strictly enforced

51
Q

Who is Saint Teresa of Avila?

A

A Spanish mystic, writer, and reformer who lived in the 16th century. When Teresa was 16, she entered the local convent where she began to have visions that she said were directly from Jesus. She went into trances and allegedly levitated when praying

52
Q

What were some of Saint Teresa of Avila’s major achievements?

A

She established a number of convents.

53
Q

Who were the Huguenots?

A

A very organized and powerful group. They were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France during the 16th and 17th centuries.

54
Q

When did the Civil War in France begin?

A

In 1562

55
Q

Why did the civil wars in France break out?

A

There were a number of factors that contributed to the civil wars. Political instability, social and economic factors, foreign influences, and the assassination of admiral oligny.

56
Q

What was the Massacre on St. Bartholomew’s Day?

A

On August 24, at a celebration of St Bartholomew’s Day, the authorities began the Massacre of St Bartholomew’s Day. 3 thousand Huguenots were killed in Paris and it was followed by similar attacks on Protestants in other cities.

57
Q

How was France affected by the massacre?

A

The massacre made civil wars more terrible and fifteen years of violence and rioting followed. France also suffered economically and politically.

58
Q

Who was Huguenot Henry IV?

A

Henry IV became King of Navarre in 1572, but his reign faced significant challenges due to the French Wars of Religion, a series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.

59
Q

What was the revolt of the Netherlands?

A

It was a protracted conflict that took place from 1568 to 1648 in the Low Countries, which roughly corresponded to modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The conflict was primarily a struggle for independence by the Seventeen Provinces against the rule of the Spanish Habsburg monarchy.

60
Q

Who was William of Orange?

A

He was a key figure in European history, particularly during the 16th-century Revolt of the Netherlands against Spanish rule.

61
Q

Who was Elizabeth I?

A

She was the Queen of England and under her reign, England became a formidable power and a major Protestant state

62
Q

How did England change under Elizabeth I’s reign?

A

The country started developing its sea power and its empire.

63
Q

what was the Act of Uniformity?

A

This act was part of a series of religious reforms that sought to establish Protestantism in England.

64
Q

What was the Thirty Years War

A

In 1618, Europe entered a 30-year period of warfare where most of the continent was involved

65
Q

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

A

A treaty was signed on September 25, 1555, in the city of Augsburg, in the Holy Roman Empire. This treaty allowed each state to decide whether they were Lutheran or Catholic.

66
Q

What is the Treaty of Westphalia?

A

This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years War and reaffirmed the religious compromise making Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Catholicism legal religions.

World History (2 decks)

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