The relations of the crusader states Flashcards
Who had a particularly difficult relationship with the Byzantines and why?
Bohemond; he refused to hand Antioch over to Alexius
What was the result of Bohemond’s crusade against the Byzantines in 1105-1107?
The Treaty of Devol, which stated Bohemond would hold Antioch for Alexius, and although Bohemond agreed, Tancred did not
Where did Bohemond attack in his failed crusade against the Byzantines?
Durazzo
When did Alexius I die and who replaced him?
1118; John II
What competition did John II have for his father’s throne and how did he deal with this?
His sister Anna; Anna was removed from public life and exiled after her husband backed out of the plan to overthrow John II
When did John II attack Antioch?
1137 and 1142
How did the crusader states react to John II’s army in 1137?
Raymond of Antioch, Joscelin (Edessa) and Raymond II of Tripoli all swore allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor, so all states except Jerusalem acknowledged John as their overlord
When did John II die?
1142
What agreement did John II make in 1137 with Raymond of Antioch and how did this affect the second crusade?
If John captured Aleppo and gave it to Raymond the Byzantines could have Antioch; Raymond tried to persuade Louis to help him take Aleppo so that he could have both cities without John’s help, giving John no leverage over Raymond
What evidence is there to suggest there was a “crusading fever” in the Latin West?
The crusades of 1101 and 1110
What evidence is there to suggest that when the crusader states needed help they looked West?
When Baldwin II needed a husband for Melisende he looked to the West, who provided Fulk of Anjou
How did the West respond to Bohemond returning to the West in 1105 to recruit for his Byzantine crusade?
The welcomed him as a hero and he married the King of France’s daughter
How did Bohemond’s nephew Tancred welcome Bohemond back to the East after his attack on Durazzo?
He did not welcome him back (he had become a liability), and Bohemond returned to Italy and died in 1111, it is thought to be from shame
What caused Baldwin and Tancred to fall out, and when?
1108; Tancred had taken charge of Edessa while Baldwin was captured, and did not want to relinquish it when Baldwin returned because he realised how important it was
Who did Baldwin and Tancred call on during their violence of 1108?
Their Muslim neighbours
When did Roger of Antioch form an alliance with his Muslim neighbours, who against, and what was the result?
1114; The Sultan of Baghdad; They were victorious at the Battle of Sarim and Antioch enjoyed four more years of peace
What was the tax called that was imposed on Christians living under Muslim rule?
The jizya
In what way was life better for Muslims living under the crusaders?
The crusaders kept better control of coasts and trade routes, so Muslim traders were better protected from raiders
Who followed Alexios on the Byzantine throne and what lands did he take?
John II; Cilicia and Armenia
What was the outcome of John taking up positions outside Antioch in 1137?
All crusader states except Jerusalem acknowledged themselves as vassals of the empire
In what year did John II try again to push Raymond from Antioch?
1142
Who followed John II onto the Byzantine throne?
Manuel
What did Reynald do that caused tension between the Byzantines and crusaders and how did Baldwin try to ease tensions?
Attacked Cyprus in 1156; Asked Manuel for a bride - Theodora (his niece
How did Manuel punish Reynald for attacking Cyprus?
Made him dress as a penitent and elft him barefoot and bareheaded - must provide troops for the army
Who did Manuel make a truce with in 1159/6?
Baldwin and Nureddin
When and where did Manuel attack with Amalric?
Egypt in 1169
What battle was lost for the Byzantines in 1176 and who were they fighting?
Myriokephalon; Kilij Arslan II
Who took the throne following Manuel’s death in 1180?
Alexius II
Who ruled after Alexius II and when?
Andronikus; 1183-1185
What anti-Latin action did Andronikus take?
Uprisings in Latin quarters, Venetian and Genoese quarters badly hit
