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History > The Reigns of King Richard I and King John > Flashcards

The Reigns of King Richard I and King John Flashcards

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1
Q

What years was Richard I king between?

A

1189-1199

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2
Q

What years was John king between?

A

1199-1216

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3
Q

What was the name of the Empire that Richard and John controlled?

A

The Angevin Empire

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4
Q

Why was Richard out of the country for the majority of his reign?

A
  • Crusade wars

- Defending land in Normandy

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5
Q

What happened to Richard on his way home from the crusade?

A

He was kidnapped by the Duke of Austria

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6
Q

What is a crusade?

A

A religious war against muslims for the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

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7
Q

Who did King John face threats from over his family land?

A

The King of France

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8
Q

Why did King John fall out with the Pope?

A

The candidate for the post of Archbishop of Canterbury

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9
Q

Why did the Barons rebel against King John?

A

He treated them badly and raised their taxes

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10
Q

When did King John sign the Magna Carta?

A

1215

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11
Q

What was the name of system that organised society into sections?

A

The Feudal System

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12
Q

Who was at the top of the system and had to provide peace, protection and land for the people beneath them?

A

The King

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13
Q

Who was second and third in the system?

A

Barons (second) Knights (third)

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14
Q

Who is at the bottom of the system?

A

Peasants

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15
Q

What was a medieval king expected to do?

A
  • To be a strong ruler
  • To enforce justice
  • To keep the country safe from attack
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16
Q

What was the principle of primogeniture and was it followed in the 12th century?

A

The eldest son inherits the title ‘King’ from his father

No, people became king for other reasons aswell

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17
Q

What happened at the moment a new King was anointed with the Holy Oils?

A

He took the title of rex and was given divine authority

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18
Q

What were 2 features of a King’s duties?

A
  • Chief decision maker

- Showing justice and fairness in all his decisions

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19
Q

What were 2 features of how a King’s authority was ritualised and displayed?

A
  • The anointing of the Holy Oils

- Being crowned in front of the most important nobles and members of the clergy

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20
Q

What was itinerant kingship?

A

The practice of the king and his court travelling from place to place around the country

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21
Q

How did itinerant kingship help with encouraging loyalty from subjects?

A

It ensured that everyone knew he was king

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22
Q

Who was King Richard I?

A

Richard was King of England between 1189-1199

He is the most well known for going on the Third Crusade

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23
Q

Who was King John?

A

John was King of England from 1199-1216

He is best known for signing the Magna Carta in 1215

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24
Q

Who was King Henry II?

A

The father of King Richard and King John

He died in 1189

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25
Q

Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?

A

The mother of King Richard and King John

Eleanor was a powerful woman who owned most of the land in France

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26
Q

Who was King Phillip II of France?

A

The King of France between 1180-1223

He started going on crusade with King Richard and battled with King John over land in France

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27
Q

Who was William Marshall?

A

A very important Baron

He supported Richard in becoming King

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28
Q

Who was Pope Gregory VIII?

A

He was responsible for calling the Third Crusade in 1187

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29
Q

Who was Stephen Langton?

A

He was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1205 by Pope Innocent III against King John’s wishes

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30
Q

Who was Pope Innocent III?

A

He was responsible for putting England in an interdict and excommunicating King John

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31
Q

What does Hierarchy mean?

A

A way of organising society by authority levels, the most important person at the top

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32
Q

What were the four main ranks in the system?

A
  • King
  • Tenants-in-chief
  • Knights
  • Peasants
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33
Q

What was the King’s role in the system?

A

He granted land and tax concessions

Provided peace, protection, law in return for loyalty and service

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34
Q

What was the tenants-in-chiefs role in the system?

A

They granted land and privileges for knights

Assisting and advising the government

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35
Q

What were the peasants role in the system?

A

They worked on the land that was owned by their Lord

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36
Q

What were 3 types of peasants in the Feudal System?

A
  • Freeman, paid rent for their land but could move
  • Villein, a peasant who was the property of their lord and
    could not move
  • Cottar, a peasant who held a cottage with a small piece
    of land
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37
Q

What was the Royal Demesne?

A

The land that was kept and owned by the King

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38
Q

What were 2 features of knight service?

A
  • To serve in the King’s army for at least 2 months, they
    have to provide their own resources
  • To perform up to 40 days service in guarding the lord’s
    castle and in training
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39
Q

What were 2 features of labour service?

A
  • They had to work for their overlords by collecting the
    harvest for farming the land
  • They didn’t owe military service as it was the duty of their lord to protect them
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40
Q

How did forfeiture help the Feudal System function properly?

A

It meant if a vassal didn’t perform as he promised to in his oath, then his land would be taken away

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41
Q

How was religion important in the medieval world?

A

Very, it was the center of most people’s lives

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42
Q

What religion were the majority of people in Western Europe?

A

Catholic

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43
Q

Who was the Pope?

A

The Pope was the head of the Catholic church, as God’s representative on earth

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44
Q

Did Kings in individual countries have a say over religion?

A

They expected to have a say in the appointment of key individuals

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45
Q

What were 2 features of how the Church was structured?

A
  • The Archbishop of Canterbury supervised the clergy of
    England
  • The Bishops managed an area called a diocese and the
    priests and monks in it
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46
Q

Why did the clergy have conflict of interests?

A

The clergy saw the pope as their supreme overlord whereas the King expected complete loyalty from them

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47
Q

When would a Pope use punishment like Interdict and Excommunication?

A

If they felt a serious crime had been committed against the church

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48
Q

What were the main problems peasants faced?

A

People struggled to provide for their families

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49
Q

What was the difference between a villein and a freeman?

A

A villein worked for the overlord and a freeman rented land from the overlord

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50
Q

What was the manorial state?

A

Villages that surrounded a manor house in which the lord of the manor lived

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51
Q

What was the purpose of the Reeve?

A

An official chosen from the villeins to supervise the farm work

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52
Q

How were fields organised?

A

Into fallows and strips

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53
Q

What was the most profitable industry in the 13th century?

A

Wool

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54
Q

What role did animals play in the lives of peasants?

A

They could be used for produce (milk) or to graze the land

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55
Q

What were 2 features of peasant housing?

A
  • They were made of wooden strips woven together and
    plastered with manure
  • They lived in one room with very little furniture
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56
Q

What were 2 features of peasant labour?

A
  • They worked from dawn until dusk

- They used very basic equipment

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57
Q

What were 2 features of life for peasant women and children?

A
  • Women had to take care of the house and family
  • Children didn’t go to school, when they were old enough
    they would go to work with their father
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58
Q

What were 2 features of leisure time for peasants?

A
  • They had days off for festivals, these were often christian
    festivals
  • Festivals included sports like wrestling and ale drinking
    competitions
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59
Q

Which 2 forms of employment could be found in towns?

A

Traders and Farmers

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60
Q

What was the purpose of the town charter?

A

It granted freedom from the control of the local lord

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61
Q

What did London look like in the 13th century?

A

It was split into wards and each one had their own elected alderman who took responsibility for it

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62
Q

What were the features of the town guilds?

A
  • Tradesman had unrestricted rights to trade in the town

- Members had to pay entance fees and guarantee they would pay their taxes

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63
Q

What were at least 2 ways that towns played a role in the economy?

A
  • Trade was controlled by tolls, which was when money
    7had to be paid on things that were bought and sold
  • To have a market stall, traders had to pay a fee to town
    officials
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64
Q

What were the features of leisure time for people who lived in towns?

A
  • They had fairs on important days in the christian calendar

- These included selling luxury goods but also like archery

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65
Q

What were 2 features of the legal status of Jews?

A
  • They had legal protection from the King

- They didn’t have to pay taxes

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66
Q

Why did christians not like usury?

A

They weren’t allowed to change interest on loans, but Jews were

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67
Q

Why were there pogroms against the Jewish people during 1189-1190?

A
  • Christians regarded money lending as unchristian
  • Jews were accused of being Christ killers
  • Some christians felt that the Jewish gift to the King was
    an insult
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68
Q

How did Richard and John exploit the Jewish people for tax?

A
  • They had to pay a large amount towards Richards
    ransom
  • John charged them £2,700 for the rights outlined in his
    1201 charter
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69
Q

What was Richard known as and how did he develop that nickname?

A

Lionheart, he was a successful warrior

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70
Q

What 2 good reasons did Richard have for his claim to the throne?

A
  • Richard was the oldest surviving son

- He successfully controlled lands in France

71
Q

What were 2 features of Richards crowning ceremony?

A
  • He was dressed in gold from head to toe
  • He took the coronation oath and promised to protect the
    kingdom
72
Q

What were 2 ways Richard secured his Kingdom so he could go one crusade?

A
  • He appointed William Longchamp as his Chancellor
  • He banned John and Geoffrey from England for 3 years
    to prevent rebellion
73
Q

What were the features of Richards character as King?

A

He was a great warrior but could be arrogant and selfish

74
Q

How long was Richard in England for as King?

A

6 months out of 10 years

75
Q

How did John rebel against Richard’s governing of England in 1191?

A
  • John set up his own court and collected his own taxes

- He seized control of Nottingham and Tickhill castles

76
Q

Why did the barons support John’s rebellion?

A

They hated William Longchamp

77
Q

What were the unpopular features of how John ruled as regent between 1192 and 1194?

A
  • Heavy taxes were imposed
  • John lied about Richard being dead
  • John allied with King Philip II of France
78
Q

How did Richard reassert order after his release in 1194?

A

He appointed Hubert Walter as justiciar who implemented a peaceful way of ruling while Richard was away

79
Q

How is John usually portrayed?

A

As the worst medieval king

80
Q

What were the reasons for John’s claim to the throne in 1199?

A
  • It was supported by important people in the country

- He had proven himself to be a good warrior with Richard

81
Q

Who rivalled John for the throne?

A

Geoffrey’s son Arthur of Brittany

82
Q

How did John secure power in 1199?

A
  • He appointed a loyal baron to protect the worth of the
    Kingdom from the threat of Scotland
  • He secured the continental lands of the Empire
  • He made a peace treaty with King Philip of France
83
Q

What were the terms of the peace treaty with Philip?

A
  • John agreed to give land to Philip
  • John agreed to do homage to Philip for his lands
  • Philip dropped his support for Arthurs claim to the throne
84
Q

What happened in August 1200?

A

John kidnapped Arthur and imprisoned him

Arthur was then stabbed and his body dumped in a river

85
Q

How did the Norman barons respond to this?

A

They moved their support to Philip

86
Q

Why were people not loyal to King John?

A

He had a short temper and demonstrated cruel behaviour

87
Q

What was King John’s main focus for the first years of his reign?

A

Defending his lands in France

88
Q

Why did John’s reign become more and more unpopular?

A
  • John chose ‘new men’ to advise him rather
    than barons
  • Cases could only be heard when John was
    present
  • John used cruel punishments
89
Q

Why did both Richard and John tax people heavily?

A

They were both at war for long periods of time

90
Q

What was Richards income between 1194 and 1198?

A

£25,000

91
Q

What was John’s income as King and how much did he collect in 1211?

A

£22,000-£25,000

£83,291 (1211)

92
Q

Why were the values of revenues falling during the reigns of Richard and John?

A

Prices were rising rapidly

Debasement, people taking parts of coins and melting them down to make new ones

93
Q

What were 2 features of how the royal demesne was made up?

A
  • Royal hunting forests

- Royal manor estates

94
Q

What was the tallage tax?

A

It was paid by people who were residents in the royal demesne

It was only paid by peasants and townsmen

95
Q

What were the main things that Medieval Kings could call on their subjects to make certain payments for?

A

Payment to ransom the king from captivity

Payment to provide a dowry for the king’s oldest daughter

Wardship fines

96
Q

What were 2 features of wardship fines?

A

It was paid when a baron died and his heir was under age

The King would decide where the wards lived, what education and training they would receive

97
Q

What were forest fines?

A

The king could claim forest fines for people living, working, hunting and foraging on land that belonged to him

98
Q

How could John make money by interfering in legal cases?

A

People would pay for him to rule in their favour

99
Q

What was scutage?

A

A payment made in return for not having to fight

100
Q

What was the 1207 tax on movables and incomes?

A

A tax paid by barons to King John, it was based on their goods and income

101
Q

What was the role of sheriffs in government and finance?

A

They were given an amount of tax to collect from an area, anything else they collected they were allowed to keep

102
Q

What does Crusade mean?

A

It is a holy war fought by Christians

103
Q

What was the Angevin Empire?

A

The area of land in England and France owned by King Henry, Richard, John and Eleanor of Aquitaine

104
Q

Where is Normandy?

A

The north of France

105
Q

How did Christians in Medieval times justify a war?

A
  • If it was named by a legitimate authority
  • It had a reason for fighting
  • There would be little violence
106
Q

What were the immediate reasons for the Third Crusade?

A

Four Crusader states had been taken over by the Muslim leader, Saladin

107
Q

What were the longer term reasons for the Crusaders generally?

A

The Holy Land was being threatened by Muslims

108
Q

Who were the English Crusaders?

A

Knights and their military households

included trainee knights

109
Q

Which other countries fought with England on the Crusade?

A

France (King Philip) and Holy Roman Empire (Frederick I)

110
Q

How many men did Richard command in total in 1191?

A

17,000 men

111
Q

Why did people join the Crusade?

A
  1. Religion- they were promised forgiveness
    through and indulgence
  2. Rewards- they didn’t have to pay the
    Saladin Tithe and had the potential of becoming wealthy
  3. Responsibility- felt like they had to if other
    local people were fighting
112
Q

What attitudes did people have of Crusaders?

A

Supportive, can be seen by Richard’s nickname, ‘Lionheart’

Jews were seen as enemies of Christians, people showed support by carrying out the pogroms

113
Q

Why were the crusaders resented by some people?

A
  1. People had to manage land while Knights
    were away
  2. The Saladin Tithe was expensive and put a
    financial burden on people
  3. People thought the King should be present
    to protect the country
114
Q

What were Richard’s reasons for going on Crusade?

A
  1. Personal connection- his ancestor had
    been the king of Jerusalem
  2. Religious Devotion- believed it was the
    sacred duty of good Christians
  3. Personal Glory- chance to be remembered
    as a great warrior and celebrated for a long
    time
    4.Opportunity- has a lot of wealth and power
    for the Crusade, never going to be a better
    time
115
Q

Why did Richard and Philip fall out while on Crusade?

A
  1. There was already bad feeling between
    the two Kings before the left
  2. Richard received a positive reception from
    people in Sicily but Philip didn’t
  3. Richard didn’t keep his promise to marry
    Philip’s sister Alice
  4. Richard conquered Cyprus without Philip
    and refused to share the wealth of the
    island
116
Q

What were the outcomes of Richard’s victory at Acre?

A

The Muslims handed over their siege weapons and ships, and paid 200,000 gold coins

Christian prisoners were released

Saladin promised to return the fragments of Jesus’ cross (True Cross) to them

117
Q

What were the outcomes of the Battle of Arsuf?

A

Richard was successful and forced the Muslim army to flee the city

118
Q

What were the reasons for Christian reluctance to capture the ‘holy city’ of Jerusalem?

A
  1. Feared Saladin’s Army would surround
    them
  2. Cut off from supplies if they moved to far
    from the coast
  3. The city was surrounded by a strong wall
    that would be difficult to break down
  4. They wouldn’t be able to hold onto it even
    if they did succeed in taking control
119
Q

Why was Richard under pressure to capture Jerusalem quickly?

A
  1. He had heard about John’s rebellion in
    England
  2. Crusader nobles were prepared to march
    on Jerusalem without Richard and didn’t
    want them to take the glory
120
Q

Why did Richard not march on Jerusalem a second time?

A
  1. Feared Saladin would cut his supply lines
    to the coast if he pushed on
  2. Water was scarce for his soldiers
  3. He didn’t believe he would be able to hold
    the city
121
Q

What happened at Jaffa between August- September 1192?

A

Saladin attacked Jaffa and Richard arrived and saved the city from collapse

122
Q

Why did Richard and Jaffa come to a peace agreement in 1192?

A

Richard needed to return home and Saladin was ill

123
Q

What did they agree to?

A

A three year truce in the fighting

The Christians would control the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa

Muslims were to remain in control of Jerusalem but Christian pilgrims would have free and safe access to Jerusalem

124
Q

How was Richard I captured?

A

Richard was on his way home when he caught going through Austria

125
Q

In what ways was the burden a demand on England?

A

It was a heavy financial demand as the ransom was set at 100,000 marks

126
Q

How was the ransom eventually paid?

A

Eleanor of Aquitaine took charge of collecting the ransom through taxes:
A tax on Jews
Land tax on every landowner
25% tax on income and moveables

127
Q

What did Richard achieve on his return to England?

A

He crushed what was left of John’s revolt

Appointed Hubert Walter as the head of government

128
Q

What did Philip II want complete control over?

A

He wanted to control the whole of France

129
Q

What Empire was Richard I trying to defend?

A

The Angevin Empire

130
Q

What condition was Normandy in in 1194?

A

It was weak after John’s attack

131
Q

Why did John swap sides to fight with Richard in 1194?

A

He knew he wouldn’t be able to fight against Richard

132
Q

Why was building the castle a strategic decision?

A

It was a defensive structure

A place where Richard could hold court

133
Q

What were key features of its purpose?

A

It was built high above the town and harbour

The walls were round which meant it had no weak points

134
Q

What was the cost of building it?

A

£12,000

135
Q

How was Richard killed in 1189?

A

Injury in his shoulder that became infected

136
Q

How did King John act recklessly towards Hugh de Lusignan, his vassal?

A

He married de Lusignan promised wife Isabelle of Angouleme

137
Q

When and why did Philip become John’s feudal overlord?

A

In 1200

The terms of a treaty when John became King

138
Q

What were the consequences of John refusing to meet Philip II in Paris?

A

Philip declared John’s lands forfeit (lost) and they went to Arthur

139
Q

How did John have a spectacular success in Normandy in the summer of 1202?

A

He marched 80 miles in 48 hours and captured Arthur

140
Q

What were the 4 big problems John faced in defending Normandy?

A
  1. The English barons didn’t want another war
  2. John had to give money to allies to keep
    their support
  3. Poitou had a long history of resisting
    control, John had to have forces there
  4. Arthur was under the control of Philip and
    worked with him to attack different bits of
    land
141
Q

Why did John lose Normandy in 1204?

A
  1. John had lost the trust of the Norman
    barons when he murdered Arthur, they
    defected to Philip
  2. John returned to England to sort problems
    he was facing there
  3. John didn’t have enough money to pay for
    a war
  4. Reliant on the pope to help create a peace
    treaty between him and Philip
142
Q

Who was the Pope during King John’s reign?

A

Pope Innocent III

143
Q

What did interdict mean?

A

The withdrawal of church services from an individual or country

144
Q

What did excommunication mean?

A

The exclusion of an individual from the Church and all its services

145
Q

Why did King John fall out with the Pope?

A

They didn’t agree on the candidate for the new Archbishop of Canterbury

146
Q

How did John punish those that he felt were undermining his right to choose his archbishop?

A

He refused to allow Stephen Langton into the kingdom

He expelled Canterbury monks from their monastery

He seized the land held by Italian clergy in England

147
Q

How were the personalities of Pope Innocent and King John similar?

A

They were both stubborn

148
Q

How did the Interdict on the lives of people in England?

A

Blessings were not given for the dying

Sermons could only be preached in a church courtyard

Marriages could not take place in church

Christian burial was forbidden, souls wouldn’t go to heaven

149
Q

How did people adapt to life under the Interdict?

A

Churches coped with the Interdict by holding services outside their doors

150
Q

How did John react to the Interdict?

A

He punished people he blamed for the Interdict

John seized their land and revenue using the money to come to an agreement with the Pope

151
Q

Why did John get excommunicated in 1209?

A

He tried telling the church what to do and the Pope didn’t like it

152
Q

Why did the Barons have a difficult decision to make after the excommunication?

A

The had to decide who to follow, the Church or King John

153
Q

What was England threatened with in 1213?

A

Invasion by Prince Louis of France

154
Q

What did John have to agree to for the Interdict and excommunication to be lifted?

A

Stephen Langton would be allowed to come to England as Archbishop of Canterbury

Churchmen who had fled England during the quarrel were allowed to return

John had to pay the Pope £27,000

If John broke the agreement he would lose his right to appoint people to Church offices forever

155
Q

What did John do that made him appear weak?

A

He surrendered the kingdoms of England and Ireland to the pope, this made him a vassal to the pope

156
Q

What does arbitrary power mean?

A

Using power based in a personal whim or prejudice

157
Q

How did John use this against his Barons?

A

John used their debts to increase his power over them

158
Q

Why was there little chance of the Barons getting justice against John?

A

John was the king and therefore the highest authority in terms of justice

159
Q

What were the key features of the plot against John in 1212?

A

Some of John’s barons were in a plot with Prince Llewelyn of Wales to kill John

John marched north to re-establish his control as King and then relaxed some of his demands for taxes

160
Q

How did the defeat at the Battle of Bouvines in Normandy in 1214 add to the anger felt towards John?

A

He had charged scutage, heavy taxes and feudal fines on the barons and knights

161
Q

What was the overall impact of his failure to regain Normandy?

A

John failed as a warrior

John had permanently lost the revenues from Normandy

John could not reward the Barons with land in France

The Barons plotted a rebellion against him

162
Q

What was the Magna Carta?

A

A written document that outlined the limits on the King’s power

163
Q

What were the main features of the rebellion against King John in 1215?

A

They confronted John at Bury St Edmunds and tried to force him to adopt the Great Charter

John initially refused and said that he would give a decision in April

John attempted to stall for more time but the Barons ran out of patience and captured London

164
Q

Why did the Barons want Magna Carta put in place?

A

John’s high financial demands had put a lot of pressure on the Barons

The Barons were losing power as John was bringing in ‘new men’

John’s use of arbitrary power to treat his barons badly

165
Q

What were John’s fears surrounding the signing of Magna Carta?

A

He feared that if he didn’t sign it quick enough, greater restrictions would be put on him

166
Q

What were two features of what was included in the Magna Carta?

A

The English church was to be free from interference by the King

The King could not imprison, outlaw or arrest anyone unless it was done according to the law

167
Q

What gave John the opportunity to break the agreement of Magna Carta after only three months?

A

The Pope declared the Magna Carta illegal because John was forced to sign it

168
Q

Why was Prince Louis of France invited by the Barons to become King of England?

A

John renounced the Magna Carta

He had a distant claim to the throne of England

169
Q

What happened during the siege of Rochester?

A

Rochester castle had a strong strategic position and John knew he needed it

In October he attacked it and cut off access

He destroyed it and undermined its foundations, causing it collapse

John quickly moved northand captured other castles on route

170
Q

What were the events of Prince Louis’ invasion?

A

Louis landed in May 1216 and took control of Rochester castle

Next he moved onto London and then to Winchester

171
Q

How did people respond to the death of King John in 1216?

A

Not many people mourned King John

172
Q

What were the reasons for there being a problem with the succession?

A

Fears that the rebels would crown Louis as king

Henry was only 9 years old and needed a Lord Protector, William Marshall

173
Q

What did William Marshall do while Protector?

A

He took charge of the government finances and the campaigns against the rebels

He reissued a revised version of the Magna Carta

He quickly had the young King Henry III crowned to make sure the Barons would show loyalty to him as a rightful King

174
Q

Why was England in a poor condition by 1216?

A

England was in the middle of a Civil War

The kingdom was bankrupt as taxes could not be collected during the civil war

Land was captured in the north by the Scottish king and in the west by Llewelyn

History (3 decks)

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