The Reformation and Renaissance Flashcards
Courtier
An attendant at a royal court who advises the monarch.
Council of Constance
A church council that took place from 1414 to 1418, resolving the Western Schism.
Humanism
An intellectual movement that focused on the study of classical literature and human potential.
Erasmus
A Dutch humanist and theologian who advocated for religious and social reform.
The Renaissance
A period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe, emphasizing art, literature, and science.
The Gutenberg Press
A printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg, which revolutionized the spread of information.
Christian Humanism
A movement that combined humanist ideas with Christian beliefs and values.
Clerical Absenteeism
The practice of clergy members being absent from their assigned duties.
Indulgences
Pardons for sins granted by the Catholic Church, often sold to raise money.
Pope Leo X
The pope who authorized the sale of indulgences, leading to criticism from Martin Luther.
Martin Luther
A German monk and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation.
John Calvin
A French theologian who developed Calvinism, a Protestant theological system.
Henry VIII
The English king who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
Sola Scriptura
The belief that the Bible is the sole authority for Christian doctrine and practice.
Sola Fide
The belief that faith alone is necessary for salvation, apart from good works.
Sola Gratia
The belief that salvation is granted by God’s grace alone, not by human effort.
Sola Christus
The belief that Christ alone is the mediator between God and humanity.
Sola Deo Gloria
The belief that all glory should be given to God alone.
The Magisterial Reformation
The Protestant Reformation led by magistrates and supported by the ruling authorities.
The Radical Reformation
A movement within the Protestant Reformation that advocated for more radical reforms.
The Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform and revive Catholicism.
The Reconquista
The Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasizes the accumulation of wealth through trade and colonization.
Absolutism
A political system where a monarch holds absolute power and authority.
Copernican Revolution
The shift from the geocentric model of the universe to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus.
