The Reformation

Question 1

John Wycliffe

Answer 1

Early critic of the Church. He was an English Priest & theologian who translated the bible into English. Pushed for many reforms and was eventually declared a heretic

Question 2

Lollards

Answer 2

English followers of Wycliffe

Question 3

Jan Huss

Answer 3

Czech Reformer who criticized the church. He was declared a heretic & excommunicated by the
Church. He was then executed by the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 4

Sola Fide

Answer 4

“Faith Alone”
Luther’s belief that Faith in the work of Jesus is the only thing necessary for salvation. Good
works (according to him) come from your faith, but don’t get you “heavenly credits”
Good Works includes both personal morality AND participation in the sacraments

Question 5

Martin Luther

Answer 5

• German peasant, lawyer, Catholic monk who will eventually establish the Lutheran Church.
• What began as his stand against indulgences in 1517, gradually escalated into a full scale
  revolt against the authority of the Church and the State

Question 6

95 Theses

Answer 6

• a list of 95 criticism of Indulgences. Historians mark the beginning of the Reformation with his posting of the 95 Theses

Question 7

Indulgences

Answer 7

Church documents that reduced one’s punishment in purgatory. Traditionally, Indulgences were granted for good works/ prayer as a means of replacing Penances and reducing time in Purgatory.
- the new practice of SELLING indulgences will spark the Reformation

Question 8

Priesthood of all Believers

Answer 8

Luther’s belief that every man was his own Priest.

Question 9

Peasant Revolts

Answer 9

Political Implications of Luther’s Beliefs-
If you believe in the “Priesthood of all Believers” and the idea that we are all spiritually equal, then why should nobles have it great and peasants live in filth?
It’s not a crazy jump from “spiritually equal” TO “political & social equality”
Luther did NOT make that jump.

Question 10

Luther’s Response to the Peasant Revolts?

Answer 10

He did not support them and did not believe that they should be politically equal just spitritually

Question 11

Wittenberg

Answer 11

Wittenberg is in Saxony, which is in the Holy

Roman Empire.

Question 12

Saxony

Answer 12

The German Kingdom that Wittenberg is within. The Duke of Saxony, Frederick the Wise, is one of the most powerful princes in the HRE.
Fredrick LIKES Luther

Question 13

Charles V

Answer 13

Tried to stop the tide of the Reformation. Religious instability further weakened the HRE

Question 14

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Answer 14

• marked the end of religious warfare in Germany. The war ended in a stalemate with neither
  side able to impose a uniform religion on the H.R.E. The Peace made Protestantism legal. Each
  German Prince got to choose the religion of their own country

Question 15

John Calvin

Answer 15

2nd wave of Reformation. Protestantism as a concept (its look & feel) is moreinfluenced by Calvin’s ideas than on Luther’s. “Reformed Church” is a reference to a Calvinistic
Church.

Question 16

Predestination

Answer 16

Doctrine (associated with Calvin) that everyone’s fate (heaven or hell) is decided by God before
birth. If you seek God, it’s because God put that desire in you

Question 17

The Elect

Answer 17

• Calvin’s term for those going to Heaven. They are already chosen by God

Question 18

Geneva Switzerland

Answer 18

A theocracy created by Calvin as a “shining city on a hill” for Protestants across Europe.

Question 19

Theocracy

Answer 19

• government ruled by divine authority (religion). Calvin’s Geneva
  Significance: Represented a belief that Government was to represent God’s plan. More radical than the common belief that Government was the arm of the Religion, but not the same thing.

Question 20

Anabaptists

Answer 20

Most Radical group of Protestants

• Protestants who believed in the separation of church and state and not in violence
• infants should not be baptized
• only christians should attend church
• NO participation in the government

Question 21

Henry VIII

Answer 21

Began the Reformation in England, by breaking from Rome.

Question 22

Catherine of Aragon

Answer 22

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry’s desire for a divorce from her precipitated England’s break with Rome.

Question 23

Anne Boleyn

Answer 23

2nd Wife of Henry VIII. Mother Elizabeth.

Question 24

Archbishop of Canterbury

Answer 24

The Religious Head of the church in England. When England was Catholic it had been the highest ranking Bishop in England, when England Broke with Rome it remained the highest ranking CHURCH office. But the King is still the official Head of the Church.

Question 25

Edward VI

Answer 25

• Henry VII’s son by Jane who takes throne at age 9 and is assisted by Cranmer who move church into an extreme protestant direction.

Question 26

“Bloody” Mary

Answer 26

rules England after the death of Edward VI; is the daughter of Henry VIII by Catherine of Aragon; intends to restore Catholicism and papal authority; isn’t liked in England because of this and her marriage to PhillipII of Spain. End of her reign leaves England more protestant than ever

Question 27

The degree of change to English church-

Answer 27

• Henry VIII: rejected the supremacy of the Pope and Rome but kept Catholic Doctrine the same
(moderate)
• Edward VI: made the church extremely Protestant; removed celibacy and relics and created
new liturgy
• Mary I: made the church extremely Catholic and persecuted Protestants
So you are Joe Average. You go to church in 1500 and it’s a good catholic church. You show up
one day in 1540, and notice that a couple of changes have been made [no mention of the pope,
and lots of references to King Henry]. You go again in 1550 and notice that there have been
sweeping changes [priest is married, no similarity to the church service that you attended waaay
back in 1500]. So much craziness in one church building. You go back in 1555 and the Catholic
Priest is back in the pulpit, the mass is in Latin, and you are slightly confused. Best just keep
your mouth shut on what you think about religion.

Question 28

Elizabeth I

Answer 28

• Monarch of England from 1558 – 1603 (the end of the Tudor family tree)
• Exceptional monarch of England, created a strong nation poised to expand into a global empire.

Question 29

Elizabethan Settlement

Answer 29

This is the nickname for the compromise establishing the look of England’s official church (The
Church of England). Most people accepted it. Only Extreme Protestants (Calvinists-Puritans) and
Extreme Catholics were unhappy with this compromise.
Significance: Ended the religious turmoil in England. Established the modern Anglican Church.

Question 30

Puritans

Answer 30

English Calvinists who (working within the Anglican Church) wanted to PURIFY the church of
every remnant of Catholic stuff. Both in the practices of the Church and of its doctrines. They
wanted a plain church service, in English, with very little ritual and formality

Question 31

Philip II (of Spain)

Answer 31

King of Spain (Son of Charles V). Nickname: The Most Catholic King
Husband of Bloody Mary (until he left for Spain) Sent the Armada against Elizabeth

Question 32

The Catholic Reformation / The Counter Reformation

Answer 32

Ignatius Loyola
founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits); was a spanish soldier. became a soldier of the Pope. Part of the Catholic/Counter Reformation

Question 33

Jesuits

Answer 33

• members of the Society of Jesus; an army of obedient Catholics/scholars

Question 34

Council of Trent

Answer 34

• meeting that was to decide a compromise in the between the Catholics and Protestants, but
  because only Catholics could participate left the church in the same conservative fashion.
  Determined that church doctrine was correct! but that some of the abuses (luxuy, absenteeism
  etc) needed to be cleaned up.

Question 35

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Answer 35

• 3 day slaughter of Huguenots. example of the savagry of the era
• For protestants throughout Europe, it turned a local fight between nobles into an international
  struggle for survival against an enemy whose actions justified any means of resistance.

Question 36

“Paris is worth a Mass”

Answer 36

• Famous quotation from Henry of Navarre when he converted to Catholicism in order to become
  King of France. Perfect example of the intermingling of religious/political struggles.
  English Translation: “Governing France is worth going to a church I don’t really believe in