The Race issue 1955-2000 Flashcards
At which all white school did nine African Americans try and enroll in September 1957?
Little Rock High School , Arkansas
Which soldiers did the State Governor deploy to stop the children entering the school?
The National Guard
What’s did President Eisenhower do to make sure the children were allowed in?
Eisenhower sent 1000 US paratroopers to protect he children for 12 months
Name three groups fighting for Civil Rights
CORE. Congress of racial equality
SNCC Student Non-Violent coordinating committee
NAACP
SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Council
What were the Freedom Rides in the 1960s
White and black students rode the buses , which had been desegregated , to get the waiting rooms desegregated too . They were met with a lot of violence.
Name a famous store which was met with student sit-ins to desegregate the lunch counters
Woolworths
Name one of the Freedom Marches
Birmingham , Alabama
Selma , Alabama
The march on Washington
How did the Birmingham police commissioner, Eugene ‘bull’ O’Connor react to the March on Birmingham?
Set police dogs and water hoses on the demonstrators and arrested 500 of them including Dr King
What is the name of the famous speech at the March on Washington ?
I have a dream
Where and when did Dr King make his famous I have a dream speech in Washington
At the Lincoln Memorial in August 1963
Which Civil Rights acts did president Johnson pass ?
Civil Rights Act 1964
voting Rights Act 1965
Civil Rights Act 1968 to prevent discrimination in jobs and housing
Which Indian political leader was the inspiration for Dr King’s commitment to non-violent direct action?
Gandhi
What Civil Rights organisation was Dr King a leader of
SCLC - southern leadership Christian Conference
What was the importance of the non-violent campaign in winning civil rights for black Americans. How did it work ?
It won support from moderate whites and support from countries abroad. It aimed to shame white Americans.
Who was the leader of the Nation of Islam ?
Elijah Mohammed
Who was the leading spokesperson of the Nation of Islam
Malcolm X
What other name were members of the Nation of Islam called?
Black Muslims
Why did many members of the Nation of Islam adopt X as their surname
To reject the name give to their ancestors by their white slave owner
Malcolm X believed in black nationalism. What does that mean?
That black people should control the politics , education policing and the economy of their own community
In the mid to late 1960s many black Americans adopted the slogans black power and black is beautiful. Which California based group is best known for its support of black power?
The black panther party
Malcolm X believed that black people should defend themselves against aggression and violence from white people. He did not advocate violence itself. He believed in peace . What phrase is famously associated with his belief in the need to defend oneself ?
‘By any means necessary’
How did Malcolm X lose his life and when ?
He was assassinated whilst on stage giving a speech in 1965
Who were the leaders of the Black Panther Party?
Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and later Stokely Charmichael
Where did the race riots of the mid to late 60s take place
New York
Chicago
Detroit
Los Angeles (Watts)
Was the civil rights movement a success?
Yes and no. USA has had a black president and many famous and successful politicians, sports stars and actors etc. Segregation has ended. Black Americans can and do vote
BUT
BLACK WAGES ON AVERAGE ARE HALF THOSE OF WHITES. BLACK PEOPLE STILL COMPLAIN OF POLICE BRUTALITY , MANY CASES OF UNARMED BLACK PEOPLE BEING SHOT BY POLICE. BLACK EOPLE MAKE UP 13% of the population but 38% of the prison poulation.
What was affirmative action in the late 70s and 80s?
A policy of reserving a certain percentage of jobs for black Americans/ ethnic minorities to stop their under-representation in certain professions e.g teaching, the police etc.
