The Psychology of Vision Ch 8

Question 1

Specialized light detecting cells are…

They are located in the BLANK which is a membrane lining in the rear interior of the eyeball.

Answer 1

photoreceptors

retina

Question 2

The front of the eyeball is covered by the BLANK, a transparent tissue that, because of its convex curvature, helps focus the light that passes through it.

Answer 2

cornea

Question 3

Pigmented, doughnut shaped BLANK is behind the cornea, providing the color of the eye.

Answer 3

iris

Question 4

Black-appearing center in the iris, which is simly a hole through which light can pass into the eyeball is BLANK

Answer 4

pupil

Question 5

Adding to the focusing process is the BLANK

Answer 5

lens

Question 6

Two types of photoreceptor cells:

Answer 6

cones and rods

Question 7

photoreceptor cells that permit sharply focused color vision in bright light

Answer 7

cones

Question 8

photoreceptor cells that permit vision in dim light; exist everywhere in the retina except the fovia.

Answer 8

rods

Question 9

Cones are most concentrated in the BLANK, the pin-head size area of the retina that ins the most direct line of sight and specialized for high visual acuity

Answer 9

fovea

Question 10

photochemical

Answer 10

a chemical that reacts to light

Question 11

rod’s photochemical is BLANK. when hit by light a chemical reaction takes place in the rod’s membrane which causes an electrical change.

Answer 11

rhodopsin

Question 12

Specialized for high acuity (ability to see fine detail) and for color perception.

Answer 12

cone vision/photopic vision/bright-light vision

Question 13

Specialized for sensitivity (ability to see in very dim light)

Answer 13

Rod Vision/scotopic vision/dim-light vision

Question 14

The gradual increase in sensitivity that occurs after you enter a darkened room or turn off the lights is called….(dialated pupil in dim light)

Answer 14

dark adaptation

Question 15

the more rapid decrease in sensitivity that occurs after you turn on a bright light or step into sunlight is called…(constricted pupil in bright light)

Answer 15

light adaptation

Question 16

Rods and cones form synapses on short neurons called BLANK and synapses on long neurons called BLANK

Answer 16

bipolar cells

ganglion cells

Question 17

packets of light are BLANK

Answer 17

photons

Question 18

chemicals that absorb some wavelengths and theryby prevent them from being reflected are BLANK

Answer 18

pigments

Question 19

the mixing of pigments where it appears the color is absorbed is called….

Answer 19

subtractive color mixing

Question 20

when colored lights - not pigments - are mixed is BLANK

Answer 20

additive color mixing

Question 21

three different wavelengths of light (primaries) can be used to match any color that the eye can see if they are mixed in appropriate portions….one primary from long wave spectrum (red), one from short wave (blue-violet) and one from medium wave (green-yellow)

Answer 21

three primaries law

Question 22

pairs of wavelengths can be found that when added together produce the visual sensation of white…

Answer 22

the law of complementarity

Question 23

color vision that emerges from the combined activity of three different types of receptors each most sensitive to a different range of wavelengths.

Answer 23

trichromatic theory

Question 24

dichromates

Answer 24

have only two, not three, types of cone photochemicals (two primary law of color)

Question 25

this theory holds that phsyiological units involved in color vision are affected in opposite ways (excited or in hibited) by complementary wave lengths. also explains complementarity of afterimages.

Answer 25

opponent process theory

Question 26

objects shape is defned by its BLANK, the edge between it and its background

Answer 26

countour

Question 27

among sensory neurons this heightens the perceived contrast in lightness at contours. this helps us see objects' shapes

Answer 27

lateral inhibition

Question 28

Treisman's Two Stage theory is called...Treisman's theory says that the detection and integration occur sequentially in two fundamentally different steps or stages of information processing.

Answer 28

Feature-Integration Theory

Question 29

Stage one of feature-integration theory involves BLANK and stage two involves BLANK

Answer 29

detection of features | integration of features

Question 30

In the first stage of feature-integration theory, which is instantaneous, involves BLANK

Answer 30

parrallel processing

Question 31

Parrallel processing means...

Answer 31

that this step operates simultaneously on all parts of the stimulus array. Our visual system picks up at once all the primitive features of all the objects whose light rays strike our retinas

Question 32

The second stage of feture-integration theory, which requires more time and leads eventrually to our perception of whole, spatially organized patterns and objects involves BLANK which happens sequentially.

Answer 32

serial processing

Question 33

Serial Processing means....

Answer 33

that it happens sequentially, at one spatial location at a time, rather than simultaneously over the entire array.

Question 34

Distractors are....

Answer 34

not-target stimuli

Question 35

psychology that says we automatically perceive whole, organized patterns and objects. The mind must be understood in terms of organized wholes, not elementary parts.

Answer 35

Gestalt physchology

Question 36

Principles of Grouping:

Answer 36

Proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, common movement, and good form

Question 37

the object that attracts our attention in a scene is BLANK and the back ground is the BLANK. The gestaltists called attention to our automatic tendency to divide any visual scene into these two parts.

Answer 37

figure | ground

Question 38

other things equal we tend to see the BLANK form (the one that surrounds the other) as the ground and the form as the figure

Answer 38

circumscribing (this is called circumscription)

Question 39

the process where without your conscious awareness, and at a speel measureable in milliseconds, your visual system uses the sensory input from a scene to draw inferences about what is actually present

Answer 39

unconscious inference

Question 40

control that comes from higher up in the brain is BLANK and control that comes more directly from the sensory input as BLANK

Answer 40

top-down control | bottom-up control

Question 41

Wholes influence our perception of parts through unconscious inference, as illustrated by illusory contours and illusory lightness differences

Answer 41

top-down process

Question 42

attempts to explain how we see an object as the same object regardless of its orientation. Step 1 organize the stimulus info into three dimmensional objects (GEONS) into Step 2 use the arrangement of components to recognize the object.

Answer 42

Recognition by components theory (Biederman)

Question 43

people can see that something is present and can identify some of its elements, like color or brightness, but cannot perceive its shape. They cannot describe the shape or draw it.

Answer 43

visual form agnosia

Question 44

can draw and describe the shapes of objects shown but still cannot identify the objects

Answer 44

visual object agnosia

Question 45

the "what" pathway, specializes in identifying objects

Answer 45

temporal stream

Question 46

the "where" & "how" pathway specializes in maintaining a map of three-dimensional space and localizing objects within that space

Answer 46

parietal stream

Question 47

the inward turning of the eyes that occurs when you look at an object that is close to you

Answer 47

eye convergence

Question 48

the slightly different (disparate) views that the two eyes have of the same object or scene

Answer 48

binocular disparity

Question 49

the changed view one has of a scene or object when one's head moves sideways (one eye)

Answer 49

motion parallax

Question 50

the ability to see an object as unchanged in size, despite change in the image size as it moves farther away or closer is called...

Answer 50

size constancy