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Psychology ch 5-8 > The Psychology of Vision Ch 8 > Flashcards

The Psychology of Vision Ch 8 Flashcards

Exam 2

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1
Q

Specialized light detecting cells are…

They are located in the BLANK which is a membrane lining in the rear interior of the eyeball.

A

photoreceptors

retina

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2
Q

The front of the eyeball is covered by the BLANK, a transparent tissue that, because of its convex curvature, helps focus the light that passes through it.

A

cornea

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3
Q

Pigmented, doughnut shaped BLANK is behind the cornea, providing the color of the eye.

A

iris

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4
Q

Black-appearing center in the iris, which is simly a hole through which light can pass into the eyeball is BLANK

A

pupil

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5
Q

Adding to the focusing process is the BLANK

A

lens

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6
Q

Two types of photoreceptor cells:

A

cones and rods

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7
Q

photoreceptor cells that permit sharply focused color vision in bright light

A

cones

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8
Q

photoreceptor cells that permit vision in dim light; exist everywhere in the retina except the fovia.

A

rods

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9
Q

Cones are most concentrated in the BLANK, the pin-head size area of the retina that ins the most direct line of sight and specialized for high visual acuity

A

fovea

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10
Q

photochemical

A

a chemical that reacts to light

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11
Q

rod’s photochemical is BLANK. when hit by light a chemical reaction takes place in the rod’s membrane which causes an electrical change.

A

rhodopsin

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12
Q

Specialized for high acuity (ability to see fine detail) and for color perception.

A

cone vision/photopic vision/bright-light vision

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13
Q

Specialized for sensitivity (ability to see in very dim light)

A

Rod Vision/scotopic vision/dim-light vision

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14
Q

The gradual increase in sensitivity that occurs after you enter a darkened room or turn off the lights is called….(dialated pupil in dim light)

A

dark adaptation

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15
Q

the more rapid decrease in sensitivity that occurs after you turn on a bright light or step into sunlight is called…(constricted pupil in bright light)

A

light adaptation

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16
Q

Rods and cones form synapses on short neurons called BLANK and synapses on long neurons called BLANK

A

bipolar cells

ganglion cells

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17
Q

packets of light are BLANK

A

photons

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18
Q

chemicals that absorb some wavelengths and theryby prevent them from being reflected are BLANK

A

pigments

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19
Q

the mixing of pigments where it appears the color is absorbed is called….

A

subtractive color mixing

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20
Q

when colored lights - not pigments - are mixed is BLANK

A

additive color mixing

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21
Q

three different wavelengths of light (primaries) can be used to match any color that the eye can see if they are mixed in appropriate portions….one primary from long wave spectrum (red), one from short wave (blue-violet) and one from medium wave (green-yellow)

A

three primaries law

22
Q

pairs of wavelengths can be found that when added together produce the visual sensation of white…

A

the law of complementarity

23
Q

color vision that emerges from the combined activity of three different types of receptors each most sensitive to a different range of wavelengths.

A

trichromatic theory

24
Q

dichromates

A

have only two, not three, types of cone photochemicals (two primary law of color)

25
Q

this theory holds that phsyiological units involved in color vision are affected in opposite ways (excited or in hibited) by complementary wave lengths. also explains complementarity of afterimages.

A

opponent process theory

26
Q

objects shape is defned by its BLANK, the edge between it and its background

A

countour

27
Q

among sensory neurons this heightens the perceived contrast in lightness at contours. this helps us see objects’ shapes

A

lateral inhibition

28
Q

Treisman’s Two Stage theory is called…Treisman’s theory says that the detection and integration occur sequentially in two fundamentally different steps or stages of information processing.

A

Feature-Integration Theory

29
Q

Stage one of feature-integration theory involves BLANK and stage two involves BLANK

A

detection of features

integration of features

30
Q

In the first stage of feature-integration theory, which is instantaneous, involves BLANK

A

parrallel processing

31
Q

Parrallel processing means…

A

that this step operates simultaneously on all parts of the stimulus array. Our visual system picks up at once all the primitive features of all the objects whose light rays strike our retinas

32
Q

The second stage of feture-integration theory, which requires more time and leads eventrually to our perception of whole, spatially organized patterns and objects involves BLANK which happens sequentially.

A

serial processing

33
Q

Serial Processing means….

A

that it happens sequentially, at one spatial location at a time, rather than simultaneously over the entire array.

34
Q

Distractors are….

A

not-target stimuli

35
Q

psychology that says we automatically perceive whole, organized patterns and objects. The mind must be understood in terms of organized wholes, not elementary parts.

A

Gestalt physchology

36
Q

Principles of Grouping:

A

Proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, common movement, and good form

37
Q

the object that attracts our attention in a scene is BLANK and the back ground is the BLANK. The gestaltists called attention to our automatic tendency to divide any visual scene into these two parts.

A

figure

ground

38
Q

other things equal we tend to see the BLANK form (the one that surrounds the other) as the ground and the form as the figure

A

circumscribing (this is called circumscription)

39
Q

the process where without your conscious awareness, and at a speel measureable in milliseconds, your visual system uses the sensory input from a scene to draw inferences about what is actually present

A

unconscious inference

40
Q

control that comes from higher up in the brain is BLANK and control that comes more directly from the sensory input as BLANK

A

top-down control

bottom-up control

41
Q

Wholes influence our perception of parts through unconscious inference, as illustrated by illusory contours and illusory lightness differences

A

top-down process

42
Q

attempts to explain how we see an object as the same object regardless of its orientation. Step 1 organize the stimulus info into three dimmensional objects (GEONS) into Step 2 use the arrangement of components to recognize the object.

A

Recognition by components theory (Biederman)

43
Q

people can see that something is present and can identify some of its elements, like color or brightness, but cannot perceive its shape. They cannot describe the shape or draw it.

A

visual form agnosia

44
Q

can draw and describe the shapes of objects shown but still cannot identify the objects

A

visual object agnosia

45
Q

the “what” pathway, specializes in identifying objects

A

temporal stream

46
Q

the “where” & “how” pathway specializes in maintaining a map of three-dimensional space and localizing objects within that space

A

parietal stream

47
Q

the inward turning of the eyes that occurs when you look at an object that is close to you

A

eye convergence

48
Q

the slightly different (disparate) views that the two eyes have of the same object or scene

A

binocular disparity

49
Q

the changed view one has of a scene or object when one’s head moves sideways (one eye)

A

motion parallax

50
Q

the ability to see an object as unchanged in size, despite change in the image size as it moves farther away or closer is called…

A

size constancy

Psychology ch 5-8 (2 decks)

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