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[6321] HISTOPATH > THE POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION (Autopsy) > Flashcards

THE POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION (Autopsy) Flashcards

1
Q

Who said “We must turn to nature itself, to the observations of the body in health and disease, to learn the truth”

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Considered the ultimate medical audit

A

Autopsy

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3
Q

What are the five different rulings for manner of death?

A

SHAUN
- Suicide
- Homicide
- Accident
- Undetermined
- Natural

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4
Q

T/F: in a case where suspicious circumstances surround the death, a medical examiner or coroner can order an autopsy without consent from next of kin

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Everyone receives an autopsy upon death

A

False

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6
Q

In the 44 B.C. The first recorded autopsy occurs when ______ examines ________’s body
after his assassination.

A

Antistius; Julius Caesar

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7
Q

Which among the 23 stab wounds of Julius Caesar was proven fatal?

A

one wound to the chest that ruptured Caesar’s aorta

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8
Q

Who wrote “Hsi Yüan Lu, or The Washing Away of Wrongs”

A

Song Ci

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9
Q

an instruction manual on how to conduct medico-legal investigations, examine corpses, and determine the time and cause of death. Other forward-thinking forensic issues were illustrated, such as poisoning, decomposition, wounds from various weapons, strangulation, and fake wounds.

A

Hsi YĂĽan Lu, or The Washing Away of Wrongs by Song Ci

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10
Q

Conducted the first-known legal autopsy in 1302 where the death was investigated explicitly to determine if there was fault (what is referred to as a medico-legal autopsy)

A

Bartolomeo de Varignana

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11
Q

Bartolomeo da Varignana was influenced by what book?

A

The Washing Away of Wrongs

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12
Q

T/F: Bartolomeo da Varignana utilized his observations through a microscope

A

False; his observations were limited by the power of the human eye and his tools

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13
Q

Throughout the renaissance, anatomy teachers and students in medical school would congregate in an operating theater and watch a cadaver be opened by a ______

A

Lay dissector

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14
Q

T/F: Throughout the Renaissance, anatomy teachers and students in medical schools did not perform dissections themselves.

A

True

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15
Q

performed a number of “autopsies,” dissecting corpses and observing the anatomy unseen by the naked eye.

A

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

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16
Q

realized the importance of the microscope when conducting pathological research to uncover minute details.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q

Through his examinations, he characterized a case of leukemia, and his resulting report is one of the earliest formal reports on this cancer.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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18
Q

T/F: Wherever Scientific medicine of high quality is practiced, postmortem examinations are performed

A

True

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19
Q

Also known as “Autopsy”

A

Postmortem examination

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20
Q

Autopsies are helpful for physicians who challenge their ______

A

Diagnosis

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21
Q

Considered as the first pathologist

A

Rudolf Virchow

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22
Q

Most popular field where autopsies are done

A

Criminal law

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23
Q

What are the 3 steps in preparation before the postmortem examination

A

Step 1 - Administrative preparations

Step 2 - Preparation of the autopsy room

Step 3 - Confirmation of decedent identity

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24
Q

This is where we obtain and confirm consent for autopsy, review clinical records, and contact clinical team and staff pathologist

A

Step 1- Administrative preparations

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25
Q

This is when we set up of dissection instruments and tools, Lay out swabs, media, etc. for any ancillary studies to be performed, prepare photographic equipment, assemble personal protective equipment

A

Step 2 - Preparation of the autopsy room

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26
Q

This is the most important step in the autopsy procedure, where identifiers on the body must be confirmed and matched with the autopsy consent form, and also confirm any limitations or restrictions to the autopsy at this time

A

Step 3 - Confirmation of decedent identity

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27
Q

Has jurisdiction in medicolegal cases, and may authorize the pathologist to proceed with an autopsy.

A

Medicolegal examiner or the coroner

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of autopsies

A

Medical Autopsy
Non-medical autopsy

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29
Q

This type of autopsy is largely medicolegal and mainly used for forensics

A

Non-medical autopsy

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30
Q

It is the death of an organism, cessation of circulation and respiration (1960s), and criteria for the pronouncement of death

A

Somatic Death

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31
Q

If there in any medicolegal angle of death, the jurisdiction lies with which government agencies?

A

PNP and NBI

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32
Q

What are the criteria for brain death? (4)

A
  1. Coma and Cerebral unresponsiveness
  2. Apnea
  3. Absent cephalic (brainstem) reflexes
  4. Electrocerebral silence
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33
Q

Criteria for brain death should be present for how long after onset of coma and apnea?

A

30 minutes to at least 6 hours

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34
Q

Order of consent for autopsy

A
  1. Spouse
  2. Adult children
  3. Adult grandchildren
  4. Parents
  5. Brother/Sister
  6. Nephew
  7. Grandparents
  8. Uncle/Aunt
  9. Cousin
  10. Stepchildren
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35
Q

T/F: If autopsy is not required by law, it can be done even without the next of kin giving permission

A

False; CANNOT be done until the next of kin gives permission

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36
Q

T/F: Consent form must be signed in the presence of a witness

A

True

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37
Q

Autopsy in which all body cavities are examined (including the head / brain)

A

Complete

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38
Q

Type of autopsy which may exclude the head / brain.

A

Limited (Partial)

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39
Q

Type of autopsy where specific organs only are examined.

A

Selective

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40
Q

An autopsy is usually carried out within how long after the death of a person?

A

48 hours

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41
Q

T/F: Coronial autopsies are ordered by the state coroner, whereas hospital based autopsies may be performed at the request of the family of the deceased.

A

True

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42
Q

This part of an autopsy indicates the gross findings

A

Death certificate

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43
Q

Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem

A

Death

44
Q

RA as amended by Republic Act No. 7885, organ and tissue donations from donors who have been declared brain dead has been allowed.

A

REPUBLIC ACT 7170 OR ORGAN DONATION ACT OF 1991

45
Q

How many copies of medical certifications of death are given and to whom.

A

3
1- Relatives
1 - City health office
1 - Funeral home

46
Q

is the final disease, injury, or complication directly causing death.

A

Immediate cause of death

47
Q

It precedes death as a consequence of an underlying cause or causes.

A

Immediate cause of death

48
Q

The condition(s) that led to or precipitated the immediate cause of death, as recorded on a death certificate.

A

Antecedent cause of death

49
Q

Other intervening cause (or causes) of death occurring between the underlying and immediate causes

A

Antecedent cause of death

50
Q

Defined for public health and legal purposes as “the disease or injury that initiated the train of events leading to death.”

A

Underlying (Proximate) cause of death

51
Q

The circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury.

A

Underlying (Proximate) cause of death

52
Q

It is the most important entry in the certificate since mortality statistics is based on this.

A

Underlying (Proximate) Cause of Death

53
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Congestive Heart Failure

A

Immediate

54
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Myocardial Ischemia caused by coronary artery

A

Antecedent

55
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Coronary arterial atherosclerosis

A

Underlying

56
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Hypovolemic shock

A

Immediate

57
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Multiple fractures

A

Antecedent

58
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Pedestrian hit by a truck

A

Underlying

59
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Lobar pneumonia

A

Immediate

60
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: High output cardiac failure due to anemia

A

Antecedent

61
Q

Immediate/Antecedent/Underlying: Thalassemia

A

Underlying

62
Q

Death resulting from disease

A

Natural

63
Q

Death as a result of environmental influence

A

Accidental

64
Q

Death intentionally self-inflicted

A

Suicide

65
Q

Death resulting from the deliberate action of another person

A

Homicide

66
Q

Unknown cause of death

A

Intermediate or undetermined

67
Q

Death without the intention to kill

A

Homicide

68
Q

Refers to a continuum of changes that occur in a dead body following death; these changes include livor mortis, rigor mortis, decomposition, and taphonomy.

A

Post-mortem changes

69
Q

First demonstrable change after death is cooling of the body.

A

Algor Mortis

70
Q

the body cools at ___ in 50% of cases

A

1.5°F/hr

71
Q

At room temp, the body cools to which temperature at the 1st hour?

A

2 to 2.5 deg F/hr

72
Q

At room temp, the body cools to which temperature at the next 12 hours?

A

1.5 to 2 degrees F/hr

73
Q

At room temp, the body cools to which temperature at the next 12-18 hrs?

A

1 deg F/hr

74
Q

Rigidity of the body due to hardening of the skeletal muscles caused by a series of physiochemical events after death

A

Rigor mortis

75
Q

Rigor mortis is the lack of ATP regeneration and increased acidity result in the formation of locking-chemical bridges between ____ and ____

A

Actin and myosin

76
Q

Rigor mortis sets within how many hours after death?

A

2 hours

77
Q

Rigor mortis is complete and fully fixed after approx. how many hours?

A

6-12 hours

78
Q

Rigor mortis dissipates after approximately how many hours?

A

36-48 hours

79
Q

Fixed rigor mortis of the upper extremities wherein the arms are suspended against gravity, indicating they were previously held in that position while rigor was fixing.

A

Antigravitational rigor mortis

80
Q

Blood supply gravitates to the skin vessels, which becomes toneless and dilate after circulation ceases.

A

Livor mortis

81
Q

Evident as deep purple-red discoloration in the skin and internal organs.

A

Livor mortis

82
Q

Other term for livor mortis

A

Postmortem (lividity) hypostasis

83
Q

Livor mortis can be mistaken for?

A

Hematoma

84
Q

Occurs in gravity-dependent areas of the body that come into contact with firm surfaces

A

Blanching

85
Q

Livor mortis is spared in these areas due to localized pressure preventing blood from entering the skin

A

Gravity-dependent areas (i.e. floor, tight clothing)

86
Q

Livor mortis becomes evident as early as how many minutes/hours after death?

A

20 minutes

87
Q

Livor mortis is fully evident within how many hours?

A

4 hours

88
Q

Livor mortis is fixed in aporox. how many hours?

A

8-12 hours

89
Q

What is observed during livor mortis?

A

Tardien spots aka: Tardieu petechiae, Tardieu spots

90
Q

2 Techniques of Autopsy

A

Cutting of bones to expose the cavities
1. Sawing of the skull
2. Cutting of the sternal plate

91
Q

It is a straight line incision extending from the chin to the symphysis pubis

A

I shaped incision

92
Q

This type of incision starts near the acromian process and progresses downwards towards the xiphoid process. The incision is then extended til the symphysis pubis. Also, a similar incision is made on the opposite side of the body.

A

Y shaped incision

93
Q

A Y shaped incision is made from the suprasternal notch to symphysis pubis. It extends from the suprasternal notch over the clavicle to its center on both sides and lasses upwards over the neck, behind the ear

A

Modified Y shaped

94
Q

T/F: For a woman, the Y-incision is curved around the bottom of the breasts before meeting at the breast bone.

A

True

95
Q

What is the order of examination according to Virchow’s technique?

A

Head > Thoracic (Cervical) > Abdominal Organs

96
Q

Material/Record (Non-Forensic autopsy records)

Wet tissue

A

3 months after final report

97
Q

Material/Record (Non-Forensic autopsy records)

Paraffin blocks

A

10 years

98
Q

Material/Record (Non-Forensic autopsy records)

Slides

A

10 years

99
Q

Material/Record (Non-Forensic autopsy records)

Reports

A

10 years

100
Q

subpleural spots of ecchymosis that follow the death of a newborn child by strangulation or su ffocation

A

Tardieu’s ecchymoses

101
Q

is pink to purple discoloration of the skin from blood pooling in dependent areas of the body.

A

Lividity

102
Q

are purple to black spots on the skin that can develop along with lividity, from the rupture of capillaries.

A

Tardieu spots

103
Q

horizontal linear scleral blackening along the equator of the globe of the eye

A

Tache noir de la sclerotique

104
Q

T/F: tache noir is often initially black in appearance and over time becomes red

A

False; initially red —> black

105
Q

Multiple percutaneous needle biopsies after death

A

Blind biopsies

106
Q

extensive organ sampling or
removal via a limited incision

A

Mini-autopsy

[6321] HISTOPATH (2 decks)

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