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Psychology > The Positive Approach > Flashcards

The Positive Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the acknowledgment of free will assumption and how it ties into the positive approach.

A

Humans are in charge of their own emotions and have the free will to change how they feel and can use their signitute strengths to enhance their lives

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2
Q

Explain the authenticity of goodness and excellence assumption and how it ties into the positive approach.

A

The belief that positive emotions require equal attention to negative emotions. It’s role in positive psychology is to focus on the good things in life like dignity te strengths and developing them which will improve overall quality of life

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3
Q

Explain the focus on the good life and how it ties into the positive approach.

A
  • There are three types of life the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life.
  • To achieve a good life strengths need to be developed
  • To achieve the good life three elements are needed; positive connection to others, positive individual traits and life regulation qualities
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4
Q

What is life regulation qualities?

A

Qualities that develop to monitor and control our behaviour which allow us to accomplish our goals

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5
Q

Explain how the positive approach explains relationship formation.

A
  • Relationships allow people to express their signature strengths and work on them
  • People are programmed to find and build relationships
  • An element of the good life is a ‘positive connection to others’
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6
Q

What does QoLT stand for?

A

Quality of life therapy

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7
Q

What are the main components of quality of life therapy?

A
  • The quality of life inventory
  • CASIO model
  • Three pillars of QOLT
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8
Q

What is the QoLI?

A
  • A list of 16 areas of life that are deemed important according to the positive approach in the happiness of an individual
  • Client asses their lives according to this list in how content they are in each area of life
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9
Q

What does CASIO stand for?

A

C - Circumstances

A - Attitude

S - Standards

I - Importance

O - Overall satisfaction

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10
Q

How is the CASIO model used?

A
  • Clients encouraged to follow this to review areas of their life they feel dissatisfied with
  • Increasing level of satisfaction with life overall as they focus on aspects of life they may have previously overlooked
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11
Q

What are the three pillars of QoLT?

A
  • Feelings of strength - Client has strength to live beyond the moment and strive for better quality of life
  • Meaning in life - helps identify goal for each area in life
  • Quality time - client encouraged to spend time on reflection and problem solving
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12
Q

When are the three pillars introduced during therapy?

A

It is introduced at the same time as the CASIO model.

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13
Q

State two strengths of QoLT

A
  • QoLT for adolescents - Toghyani et al (2011) - investigated effects of QoLT on 20 Iranian males (aged 15-17) that scored low on a subjective wellbeing test. Experimental group participated in 8 sessions of QoLT and showed significant improvement compared to the control group
  • QoLT for depression - Grant et al (1995) - 16 clinically depressed volenteers participated in weekly meetings that discussed quality of life. All participants showed increase in quality of life.
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14
Q

What are counter arguments to the strengths of QoLT?

A
  • Toghyani et al (2011) - it was only done on 20 people this is a small group to generalise to everyone. Also research was only concluded on Iranian males so it cant be generalised to females or people in different countries.
  • Grant et al (1995) - it was only performed on 16 people, which is a small group to generalise to everyone, also it cannot be sure that it was the QoLT that had improved their health rather than just being apart of a group and being around people.
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15
Q

State two weaknesses of QoLT

A
  • QoLT V other therapies - No evidence to suggest that the therapy is more effective then adopting positive principles in everyday life, Emmons and McCullogh (2003) - students that kept a gratitude journal felt better with their lives
  • Moving too fast - Azar (2011) - Optimism may not benefit everyone, defensive pessimists performance is damaged if optimism if forced on them.
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16
Q

Explain what a literature review is

A

A paper containing research on a certain topic and previous experiments conducted on that topic then reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of the research.

17
Q

What is subjective wellbeing?

A

A persons sense of their own happiness and well being

18
Q

Name the procedures of included in Myers and Diener (1995) literature review.

A
  • Interviews and questionaries - used to assess happiness
  • Observation - used to see what people are doing at certain times and how happy they are whist doing it
  • Correlations - understand what factors cause the happiness and what factors happen as a result of the happiness
  • Reviews - This study reviews research and meta-analysis
19
Q

Is happiness related to age?

A
  • Survey of 170,000 people of all ages in 16 different countries showed no evidence to support that happiness is related to age
  • Although people of different ages require different things in order to be happy
20
Q

Is happiness related to gender?

A
  • Inglehart’s survey of people from 16 different countries showed that 80% of both men and women said they were fairly satisfied with life
  • Haring et al (1984) - A persons gender accounts for 1% of their well being
  • Robins and Regier (1991) - women are twice as likely to get depression
21
Q

Is happiness related to race or culture?

A
  • Diener et al (1993) - African Americans reported being twice as happy as European Americans
  • Individual cultures report higher levels of happiness then collectivist cultures, this may be as they have more focus on their individual happiness
22
Q

Is happiness related to money?

A
  • Diener et al (1985) - survey of people on the Forbes rich list found that 37% were less happy then the average American
  • Money does increase happiness up to a certain point when a certain level of comfort is reached
23
Q

What are the traits of happy people?

A
  • High self esteem
  • Sense of personal control
  • Optimist
  • Extraverts
  • It is not clear whether these traits develops as a result of people being happy or it causes people to be happier
24
Q

What effects do relationships have on the happiness of people?

A
  • Overall they caused people to be happier
  • Burt (1986) - People who can name several close friends are happier and healthier
  • Lee et al (1991) - Married people are happier then non married people, 38% V 24%
25
Q

How does work effect peoples happiness?

A
  • People with jobs are more happy then those without as it gives people a purpose in life
  • Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - introduced the concept of ‘flow’ he used beepers to question people about what they were doing through the day and how happy they were, he found people were most happy when they were engaged in a mindful challenge
26
Q

How does peoples faith contribute to their happiness?

A
  • Poloma and Pendleton (1990) - In north America and Europe people who are religious report higher levels of happiness
27
Q

What are the conclusions of Myers and Diener (1995)?

A
  • Importance of adaptation - only events in the past three months influence subjective well being, Humans have the capacity to adapt to life circumstances
  • Cultural world view - different cultures interpret life events differently
  • Values and goals - people with a high subjective well being have goals, money and intelligence only matter if they are relevant to achieving your goals
28
Q

State two strengths of Myers and Diener (1995) literature review.

A
  • Self report - Subjective well being cannot be confirmed or challenged but by asking family members and seeing if the results correlate this confirms the validity of the subjective well being tests
  • Psychological harm - There is very little risk to participants as the past is not being brought up
29
Q

State two weaknesses of Myers and Diener (1995) literature review

A
  • Correlations - The direction of the relationship is not known between cause and effect, wether happiness causes the behaviour or the behaviour is caused due to the individuals happiness
  • The sample - A lot of the data is based on western data so cannot be generalised to other countries. As a literature review some studies had to be excluded so the review is not representative of all the research in this area
30
Q

What are the strengths of the positive approach

A
  • A shift in focus for psychology - encourages focus on people without illness to improve life contentment
  • Wide application - applied in many fields to help people, on the army and in schools
  • Free will approach - it is based on the free will of humans and how they are able to chose to improve their quality of life
31
Q

What are the weaknesses of the positive approach?

A
  • Not a new idea - humanistic psychology stated that most approaches were very negative and had a similar look onto happiness as positive approach
  • Not scientific - Happiness cannot be measured and each individual has a different idea about what happiness is to them, decreases reliability
  • ignores individual differences - positive approach is very ethnocentric as not all cultures are as fascinated about what makes them happy

Psychology (7 decks)

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