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CBS602 Pelvis and Perineum I > The Perineum > Flashcards

The Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the perineum, and where is it located?

A

The perineum is a small space below the pelvic floor located between the upper parts of the thighs.

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2
Q

What is the shape of the perineum, and how is it divided?

A

The perineum is diamond-shaped and can be divided into two parts by an imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities:
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle

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3
Q

What passes through the urogenital triangle?

A

The urethra (and vagina in females) passes through the urogenital triangle.

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4
Q

What fills in the urogenital triangle?

A

It is filled by sheets of fascia and muscle, forming the urogenital diaphragm.

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5
Q

What passes through the anal triangle?

A

The anal canal passes through the anal triangle.

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6
Q

How does the plane of the anal triangle differ from that of the urogenital triangle?

A

Due to the anterior tilt of the pelvis, the anal triangle is not in the same plane as the urogenital triangle.

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
Deep perineal pouch
Perineal membrane (inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm)

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8
Q

What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch in males?

A
  • Membranous urethra
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Dorsal neurovasculature of the penis
  • Deep transverse perineal muscle
  • External urethral sphincter
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9
Q

What additional structures are in the deep perineal pouch in females?

A

Answer:
- Vagina
Compressor urethrae
- Urethrovaginal sphincter
- Dorsal neurovasculature of the clitoris

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10
Q

Name the muscles found in the deep perineal pouch.

A
  • Deep transverse perineal muscle
  • External urethral sphincter
  • Compressor urethrae (females only)
  • Urethrovaginal sphincter (females only)
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11
Q

What is unique about the external urethral sphincter in males?

A

The lower part forms a true sphincter around the urethra in males.

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12
Q

Where is the superficial perineal pouch located?

A

It is located inferior to the perineal membrane and superior to fascia and skin.

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13
Q

What structures are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?

A
  • External genitalia
  • Erectile tissue (penis in males, clitoris in females)
  • Neurovasculature

Muscles:
- Ischiocavernosus
- Bulbospongiosus
- Superficial transverse perineal muscle

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14
Q

What are the main layers of the urogenital triangle from deep to superficial?

A
  1. Pelvic floor
  2. Urogenital diaphragm
  3. Deep perineal pouch
  4. Perineal membrane
  5. Superficial perineal pouch
  6. Skin and fascia
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15
Q

What is the perineal body, and where is it located?

A

The perineal body is the central point of the perineum, a collagenous and elastic mass where muscles of the perineum fuse and attach.

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16
Q

What are the functions of the perineal body?

A

Supports pelvic viscera
Serves as an attachment point for perineal muscles

17
Q

Why is the perineal body important in childbirth?

A

It supports the pelvic floor, but can be damaged during childbirth due to stretching or tearing.

18
Q

What is an episiotomy, and why is it performed?

A

An episiotomy is an incision made to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth, allowing the fetal head to pass more easily and facilitating better healing than a natural tear.

19
Q

What are the two types of episiotomies, and how do they differ?

A
  • Median episiotomy: Incision through the perineal body.
  • Posterolateral episiotomy: Incision that avoids the perineal body.
20
Q

What is the main structure that passes through the anal triangle?

A

Answer: The anal canal.

21
Q

How is the anal triangle positioned relative to the urogenital triangle?

A

The anal triangle is not in the same plane as the urogenital triangle due to the anterior tilt of the pelvis

22
Q

What is the ischioanal fossa, and where is it located?

A

The ischioanal fossa is a wedge-shaped space lateral to the anal canal and inferior to the pelvic floor, filled with fat and loose connective tissue.

23
Q

Why is the ischioanal fossa clinically significant?

A

Infection in the ischioanal fossa can lead to abscesses or fistulas connecting to the anal canal.

24
Q

What forms the medial boundary of the ischioanal fossa?

A

The external anal sphincter.

25
Q

What forms the lateral boundary of the ischioanal fossa?

A

The obturator internus muscle

26
Q

What forms the superior boundary of the ischioanal fossa?

A

The levator ani muscle.

27
Q

What forms the inferior boundary of the ischioanal fossa?

A

Skin and fascia.

28
Q

What is the pudendal (Alcock) canal, and what does it contain?

A

The pudendal (Alcock) canal is a passageway within the ischioanal fossa, containing:

  • Internal pudendal vessels and branches
  • Pudendal nerve and its branches
  • Nerve to obturator internus

CBS602 Pelvis and Perineum I (3 decks)

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