The peace movements: The disarmament, students' and anti-war movements (3)

Question 1

What was a major concern in terms of the Cold War?

Answer 1

A major concern in the 1960s was that the Cold War would become ‘hot’ and that the superpowers would use their nuclear weapons against each other.

Question 2

Protest movements emerged against the use of ____ weapons in the 1950s.

Answer 2

Many students felt alienated by the Cold War mentality of their parents’ generation and challenged the dominant values ​​of the societies in which they lived.

Question 3

What did many students feel alienated by in terms of the Cold War?

Answer 3

Many students felt alienated by the Cold War mentality of their parents’ generation and challenged the dominant values ​​of the societies in which they lived.

Question 4

What anti-war protest war developed in the 1960s?

Answer 4

In the 1960s a strong anti-war protest movement developed to oppose American involvement in the Vietnam War.

Question 5

Explain the significance of the ‘baby boomer’ generation?

Answer 5

The young people who grew up in the 1960s were called the ‘baby boomers’. They were the generation that was born just after the Second World War, when there was a surge in the birth rate in the USA and Western Europe. They grew up in a world that was more prosperous, and one in which they had greater opportunities for a better education, than their parents’ generation. Many of them questioned the conservative values ​​of their parents’ generation and they protested to bring about change in Western society.

Question 6

By the mid-1960s, millions of these ___ ____ were studying at universities and colleges.

Answer 6

Baby Boomers

Question 7

In the US, Britain and _____ and other developed countries, the numbers of students entering university had doubled or tripled since 1945, Universities did not have the facilities to cope with so many students, and many campuses became _____.

Answer 7

France

overcrowded

Question 8

Because students were dissatisfied, what did they question and challenge? (2)

Answer 8

• They also began to question the authority of their parents, the education system, the attitudes and values ​​of their society, and the governments in power.
• They challenged traditional structures and began to demand a far bigger role in society.

Question 9

In many countries, _____ made students more aware of global issues and of political and social problems.

Answer 9

television

Question 10

What triggered student awareness of problems in their society and what did they join.

Answer 10

In the USA, it was the Civil Rights Movement that triggered student awareness of problems in their society. Many of them joined an organization called Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Question 11

What did students all across the USA organise in 1964?

Answer 11

In 1964, students all over the country organized rallies and campaigns to support the Civil Rights Movement.

Question 12

What happened when some universities tried to ban the protests?

Answer 12

When some universities tried to ban the protests, students organized ‘free speech’ campaigns to demand the right to protest.

Question 13

What did students challenge? (3)

Answer 13

• Student groups challenged the autocratic way in which universities were run
• they supported nuclear disarmament campaigns, and, above all,
• they drove the anti-Vietnam War movement.

Question 14

How did some students protest?

Answer 14

Some students protested by ‘dropping out’ of society and becoming ‘hippies’. They rejected conformity and the materialism of society.

Question 15

What were the two slogans of the hippies?

Answer 15

Two of their slogans were ‘Dont trust anyone over 30’ and ‘Make love, not war’.

Question 16

Some of them lived in ____. spoke about peace and love, wore _____ colors, and experimented with ___ and sex.

Answer 16

communes
psychedelic
drugs

Question 17

Where did many hippies go to in the summer of 1967?

Answer 17

Thousands flocked to San Francisco in 1967 for a ‘Summer of Love’, and in 1969 to the iconic Woodstock Festival in New York State, which was billed as Three Days of Peace and Music ‘.

Question 18

What did many conservative Americans see these activities as?

Answer 18

Many conservative Americans saw these activities as - serious challenge to the traditional values ​​of society.

Question 19

Similar student protests took place in other parts of the world. They reached a peak in _____.

Answer 19

1968

Question 20

What else were students opposed to and who did they look up to?

Answer 20

Students were united in their opposition to the war in Vietnam. Some adopted more revolutionary ideas such as popular uprisings against capitalism, and looked at figures like Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh as their heroes.

Question 21

What else were students concerned with in terms of their institutions and what did they call for?

Answer 21

Autocratic university organization and conditions were other issues of concern.

Students demanded greater participation in the decisions of the university administration and a transformation of the curriculum to include more socially relevant topics.

Question 22

Was there concern about nuclear weapons?

Answer 22

Yes, By the 1950s, both sides in the Cold War had developed nuclear weapons which made the threat of nuclear warfare very real.

Question 23

What did people protest against in terms of nuclear weapons ?

Answer 23

People started to protest against the development and storage of these weapons. They were also concerned about the environmental damage caused by nuclear tests.

Question 24

What was formed in 1958 in Britain in terms of disarmament?

Answer 24

In 1958, people in Britain formed the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) as a mass political protest movement.

Question 25

What did the CND organize?

Answer 25

The CND organized a four-day protest march from London to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston, and adopted the famous peace symbol as its logo. Each year the annual Aldermaston marches attracted more and more support.

Question 26

_____ of the CND sprang up all over Britain and the idea spread to other countries. By the early 1960s, anti-nuclear protests in different parts of the world were supported by hundreds of thousands of people. They were sometimes referred to as ____ ___ ____‘marches.

Answer 26

Branches

Ban the Bomb

Question 27

What else did protesters organise?

Answer 27

Protesters also organized actions such as mass sit-ins and blockades of places where nuclear weapons were stored.

Question 28

Was concern only western in terms of nuclear weapons?

Answer 28

No, Even in the Soviet Union, where public protest was difficult, there was concern about nuclear weapons, especially among some scientists.

Question 29

Why did support for the disarmament movement decline?

Answer 29

During the 1960s, support for the disarmament movement declined as protesters focused their attention on the Vietnam War.