The peace movements: The disarmament, students' and anti-war movements (3) Flashcards
What was a major concern in terms of the Cold War?
A major concern in the 1960s was that the Cold War would become ‘hot’ and that the superpowers would use their nuclear weapons against each other.
Protest movements emerged against the use of ____ weapons in the 1950s.
Many students felt alienated by the Cold War mentality of their parents’ generation and challenged the dominant values of the societies in which they lived.
What did many students feel alienated by in terms of the Cold War?
Many students felt alienated by the Cold War mentality of their parents’ generation and challenged the dominant values of the societies in which they lived.
What anti-war protest war developed in the 1960s?
In the 1960s a strong anti-war protest movement developed to oppose American involvement in the Vietnam War.
Explain the significance of the ‘baby boomer’ generation?
The young people who grew up in the 1960s were called the ‘baby boomers’. They were the generation that was born just after the Second World War, when there was a surge in the birth rate in the USA and Western Europe. They grew up in a world that was more prosperous, and one in which they had greater opportunities for a better education, than their parents’ generation. Many of them questioned the conservative values of their parents’ generation and they protested to bring about change in Western society.
By the mid-1960s, millions of these ___ ____ were studying at universities and colleges.
Baby Boomers
In the US, Britain and _____ and other developed countries, the numbers of students entering university had doubled or tripled since 1945, Universities did not have the facilities to cope with so many students, and many campuses became _____.
France
overcrowded
Because students were dissatisfied, what did they question and challenge? (2)
- They also began to question the authority of their parents, the education system, the attitudes and values of their society, and the governments in power.
- They challenged traditional structures and began to demand a far bigger role in society.
In many countries, _____ made students more aware of global issues and of political and social problems.
television
What triggered student awareness of problems in their society and what did they join.
In the USA, it was the Civil Rights Movement that triggered student awareness of problems in their society. Many of them joined an organization called Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
What did students all across the USA organise in 1964?
In 1964, students all over the country organized rallies and campaigns to support the Civil Rights Movement.
What happened when some universities tried to ban the protests?
When some universities tried to ban the protests, students organized ‘free speech’ campaigns to demand the right to protest.
What did students challenge? (3)
- Student groups challenged the autocratic way in which universities were run
- they supported nuclear disarmament campaigns, and, above all,
- they drove the anti-Vietnam War movement.
How did some students protest?
Some students protested by ‘dropping out’ of society and becoming ‘hippies’. They rejected conformity and the materialism of society.
What were the two slogans of the hippies?
Two of their slogans were ‘Dont trust anyone over 30’ and ‘Make love, not war’.
Some of them lived in ____. spoke about peace and love, wore _____ colors, and experimented with ___ and sex.
communes
psychedelic
drugs
Where did many hippies go to in the summer of 1967?
Thousands flocked to San Francisco in 1967 for a ‘Summer of Love’, and in 1969 to the iconic Woodstock Festival in New York State, which was billed as Three Days of Peace and Music ‘.
What did many conservative Americans see these activities as?
Many conservative Americans saw these activities as - serious challenge to the traditional values of society.
Similar student protests took place in other parts of the world. They reached a peak in _____.
1968
What else were students opposed to and who did they look up to?
Students were united in their opposition to the war in Vietnam. Some adopted more revolutionary ideas such as popular uprisings against capitalism, and looked at figures like Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh as their heroes.
What else were students concerned with in terms of their institutions and what did they call for?
Autocratic university organization and conditions were other issues of concern.
Students demanded greater participation in the decisions of the university administration and a transformation of the curriculum to include more socially relevant topics.
Was there concern about nuclear weapons?
Yes, By the 1950s, both sides in the Cold War had developed nuclear weapons which made the threat of nuclear warfare very real.
What did people protest against in terms of nuclear weapons ?
People started to protest against the development and storage of these weapons. They were also concerned about the environmental damage caused by nuclear tests.
What was formed in 1958 in Britain in terms of disarmament?
In 1958, people in Britain formed the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) as a mass political protest movement.
