The Patient Sem 2 - RENAL

Question 1

What vessels are kidneys served by?

Answer 1

Renal artery and renal vein.

Question 2

What is the outer region of the kidney called?

Answer 2

Cortex

Question 3

What is the inner region of the kidney called?

Answer 3

Medullar

Question 4

What is the kidneys function?

Answer 4

• Homeostasis
• Excretion
• Endocrine - hormones, erythropoietin, vitamin D3

Question 5

Purpose of Vitamin D3 and consequences of deficiency:

Answer 5

Helps regulate how we absorb calcium in the intestine.

- Low levels results in rickets

Question 6

What is rickets?

Answer 6

Vitamin D3 deficiency that causes soft bones the bend under pressure.

Question 7

What arteriole does blood flow through first in the kidney?

Answer 7

Afferent first into the glomerulus then out through the efferent arteriole.

Question 8

What is the name of the network of capillaries covering the nephron?

Answer 8

Vasa recta.

Question 9

How many nephrons does the kidney have?

Answer 9

1 million

Question 10

Journey of blood through kidney:

Answer 10

Bowmans space –> nephron –> proximal convoluted tubule –> loop of henle –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct –> renal pelvis –> urine

Question 11

How does glomerular filtration occur?

Answer 11

a) Molecules from plasma move into glomerulus and into bowmans space
b) Afferent arteriole wider than efferent = increased pressure which aids filtration out of the blood into the bowmans capsule
c) Molecules that are filtered into glomerular filtrate and pass along nephron go into urine (other molecules flow from efferent vessel –> vasa recta –> systemic circulation

Question 12

How are water, ions and drugs filtered?

Answer 12

a) capillary endothelium
b) basement membrane
c) capsule cells (podocytes) - wrapped around the capillaries –> gaps between them allow molecules to move out through gap sand leak across the membrane then filtered through the nephron.
d) pores act like a sieve - albumin (protein) is large so it is usually not filtered - not usually found in urine (unless kidney damage)
e) molecules can also be bound to large plasma proteins (dramatically affects pharmacokinetics in the body and will not filter)

Question 13

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 13

• Volume of fluid filtered per unit of time

- Estimation of how well kidneys are functioning.

Question 14

What is reabsorption?

Answer 14

• Opposite to secretion
• Molecules move from tubule into peritubular capillary
• Valuable compounds e.g. glucose and aa’s reabsorbed back into body
• Occurs naturally