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Pharmacy Year 1 > The Patient Definitions > Flashcards

The Patient Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA- the nucleic acid polymer of which the genes are made

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2
Q

What is a gene

A

A unit of genetic information

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic information from an individual

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4
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large polymeric molecule. Found in living cells especially DNA, RNA, protein or polysaccharide

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The processes by which nutrient molecules are transported and transformed within the cell to release energy and to provide new cell material

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6
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

Polymer made of nucleotides that carries genetic information

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7
Q

What is replication?

A

Duplication of DNA prior to cell division

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8
Q

What is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A

Nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having ribose in place of deoxyribose and having uracil in place of thymine

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9
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

The cells machinery for making proteins

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10
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

Primitive, relatively simple, single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus

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11
Q

What is a cell?

A

The cell is the basic unit of life. Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and usually has a full set of genes that provide it with the genetic information necessary to operate

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12
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Progressive changes in the structure and gene expression of cells belonging to a single organism that leads to the formation of different types of cell

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13
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A hydrophobic molecule found making up cell membranes and consisting of a soluble head group and two fatty acids both linked to glycerol phosphate

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14
Q

What is a protein?

A

Polymer made from amino acids that does most of the work in the cell

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15
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The portion of a cell that is inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus

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16
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A thin flexible structural layer made of protein and phospholipid that is found surrounding all living cells

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17
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Structure containing the genes of a cell and made of a single molecule of DNA

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18
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Higher organism with advanced cells, which have more than one chromosome within a compartment called the nucleus

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19
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA. The class of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the genes to the rest of the cell

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20
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

An internal compartment surrounded by the nuclear membrane and containing the chromosomes. Only the cells of higher organisms have nuclei

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21
Q

What is a prokaryote ?

A

Lower organism, such as a bacterium, with a primitive type of cell containing a single chromosome and having no nucleus

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22
Q

What is Escherichia coli ?

A

A bacterium commonly used in molecular biology

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23
Q

What is archaea / archaebacteria ?

A

The type of bacteria forming a genetically-distinct domain of life. Includes many bacteria growing under extreme conditions

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24
Q

What are eubacteria ?

A

Bacteria of the normal kind as opposed to the genetically- distinct archaebacteria. These bacteria cause disease

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25
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

Envelope consisting of two concentric membranes that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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26
Q

What is peptidoglycan ?

A

Mixed polymer of carbohydrate and amino acids that comprises the structural layer of bacterial cell walls

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27
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of closely-related organisms with a relatively recent common ancestor. Among animals, species are populations that breed among themselves but not with individuals of other populations. No satisfactory definition exists for bacteria or other organisms that do not practise sexual reproduction

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28
Q

What is transcription?

A

Process by which information from DNA is converted into its RNA equivalent

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29
Q

What is translation?

A

Making a protein using the information provided by mRNA

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30
Q

What is a nuclear pore ?

A

Pore in the nuclear membrane through which the nucleus communicates with the cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is chlorophyll ?

A

Green pigment that absorbs light during photosynthesis

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32
Q

What is a crista ?

A

Infolding of the respiratory membranes of the mitochondria

33
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Internal structural elements in eukaryotic cells that keep the cellular shape and provide structures to move intracellular materials and organelles from one location to another

34
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Internal system of membranes found in eukaryotic cells

35
Q

What is Golgi apparatus ?

A

A membrane-bound organelle that takes part in export of materials from eukaryotic cells

36
Q

What is a lysosome ?

A

A membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains degradative enzymes

37
Q

What are membrane bound organelles ?

A

Organelles that are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by membranes

38
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A

Membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that produces energy by respiration

39
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Sub cellular structure that carries out a specific task. Membrane bound organelles are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by membranes, but other organelles such as the ribosome are not

40
Q

What is actin?

A

A long filament of small subunits that is a component of cellular cytoskeleton

41
Q

What is entamoeba ?

A

A very primitive single-celled eukaryote that lacks mitochondria

42
Q

What is diploid?

A

Possessing two copies of each gene

43
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

Haploid phase of a plant, especially of lower plants such as misses and liverworts, where it forms a distinct multicellular body

44
Q

What is haploid ?

A

Possessing only a single copy of each gene

45
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Possessing more than two copies of each gene

46
Q

What is domain ( of life)?

A

Highest ranking group into which living creatures are divided, based on the most fundamental genetic properties

47
Q

What is a genus ?

A

A group of closely-related species

48
Q

What are germline cells ?

A

Reproductive cells producing eggs or sperm that take part in forming the next generation

49
Q

What is a kingdom ?

A

Major subdivision of eukaryotic organisms, in particular the plant, fungus and animal kingdoms

50
Q

What is a phylum?

A

Major groups into which animals are divided, roughly equivalent in rank to the division of plants or bacteria

51
Q

What are somatic cells ?

A

Cells making up the body but which are not part of the germ cell line

52
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

Capable of giving rise to a complete multicellular organism

53
Q

What are antibiotics ?

A

Chemical substances that inhibit specific biochemical processes and thereby stop bacterial growth selectively, that is without killing the patient too

54
Q

What does pathogenic mean?

A

Disease-causing

55
Q

What is penicillin?

A

An antibiotic made by a mould called penicillium which grows on bread producing a blue layer of fungus

56
Q

What is polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) ?

A

Amplification of a DNA sequence by repeated cycles of strand separation and replication

57
Q

What is F-plasmid?

A

A particular plasmid that confers ability to mate on its bacterial host E.Coli

58
Q

What is gram-negative bacterium ?

A

Type of bacterium that only has an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and lacks an outer membrane

59
Q

What is budding?

A

Type of cell division seen in yeasts in which a new cell forms as a bulge on the mother cell, enlarged and finally separates

60
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed suicide of unwanted cells

61
Q

What is a detergent ?

A

A molecule that is hydrophobic at one end and highly hydrophilic at the other end and which is used to dissolve lipids or grease

62
Q

What is EDTA?

A

Ethylene diamine tetraacetate. A widely used chelating agent that minds di-positive ions such as calcium and magnesium

63
Q

What is a lysozyme?

A

An enzyme found in many bodily fluids that degraded the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls

64
Q

What is centrifugation?

A

Process in which samples are spun at high speed and the centrifugal force causes the larger or heavier components to sediment to the bottom

65
Q

What is phenol extraction ?

A

Technique for removing protein from nucleic acids by dissolving the protein in phenol

66
Q

What is ribonuclease ?

A

An enzyme that degrades RNA

67
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism or genetic entity that replicates at the expense of another creature

68
Q

What is a virion ?

A

A virus particle

69
Q

What is a virus ?

A

Subcellular parasite with genes of DNA or RNA that replicates inside the host cell upon which it relies for energy and protein synthesis. In addition, it has an extra cellular form in which the virus genes are contained inside a protective coat

70
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria

71
Q

What is rickettsia ?

A

Type of degenerate bacterium that is an obligate parasite and infects the cells of higher organisms

72
Q

What is a DNA virus ?

A

A virus whose genome consists of DNA

73
Q

What is immunisation ?

A

Process of preparing the immune system for future infection by treating the patient with weak or killed versions of an infectious agent

74
Q

What is a retrovirus ?

A

Type of virus which has its genes as RNA in the virus particle but converts this to a DNA copy inside the host cell by using reverse transcriptase

75
Q

What is a RNA virus ?

A

A virus whose genome consists of RNA

76
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Artificial induction of the immune response by injecting foreign proteins or other antigens

77
Q

What is a prion ?

A

Distorted, disease- causing form of a normal brain protein that can transmit an infection

78
Q

What is a transposable element or transposon ?

A

Segment of DNA that can move as a unit from one location to another, but which always remains part of another DNA molecule

79
Q

What is a viroid?

A

Naked single stranded circular RNA that forms a stable highly base paired rod like structure and replicates inside infected plants cells. Viroids do not encode any proteins but possess self cleaving ribozyme activity

Pharmacy Year 1 (10 decks)

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