the patient Flashcards

Question

what is systole

Answer 1

Repetitive contraction

Answer 2

Relaxation of a heart chambers

Answer 3

from areas of higher pressure to low pressure Contraction of the heart produces the pressure

Answer 4

late diastole: both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively Atrial systole: atrial contraction forces, a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles Isovolumic ventricular contraction: first phase of ventricular contraction, pushes atrioventricular valves closed, but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves. Ventricular ejection: as the ventricular pressure rises and exceeds the pressure in the arteries, the semi lunar valves open, and blood is ejected Isovolumic ventricular, relaxation: as the ventricles relax, pressure in the ventricles falls. Blood flows back into cups of semi lunar valves and snaps them closed

Answer 5

is due to the closing of the atrioventricular bicuspid valve

Answer 6

Is due to the closing of the aortic valve

Answer 7

The heart performance The amount of blood pumped in one minute

Answer 8

Stroke, volume multiplied by heart rate

Answer 9

The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle during a single heartbeat

Answer 10

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Answer 11

The response of ventricular muscles to EDV changes

Answer 12

The effects of a hearts nerve supply on the hearts activity

Answer 13

experimentally varied EDV and measured by SV

Answer 14

A biological property of cardiac muscle Increases in resting length causes an increase in development of tension

Answer 15

Noradrenaline depolarizes the autorhythmic cell, and speeds up the depolarization rate, increasing heart rate It’s also increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction Sinoatrial node

Answer 16

Acetylcholine Hyper polarizes the membrane potential of the autorhythmic cells and slows depolarization, slowing down the heart rate Sino atrial node

Answer 17

One-way flow of blood in the cardiovascular system

Answer 18

they have lots of smooth muscle, and are very elastic, this is important for maintaining an initial high-pressure to allow circulation

Answer 19

they have no smooth muscle and function as exchange vessel gases, soulutes

Answer 20

they have smooth muscle, and hold 65 to 70% of the total blood volume. smooth muscle allows veins to alter their capacity, and thus the filling pressure of a heart – therefore contribute to stroke volume

Answer 21

to ensure one-way flow of blood, muscle contraction Contributes to Venus return

Answer 22

Ventricular contraction

Answer 23

ventricle contracts Semilunar valve opens Aorta and arteries, expand and store pressure in elastic walls

Answer 24

Isovolumic ventricular, relaxation semilunar valve shuts Elastic recoil of arteries, send blood forward into rest of the circulatory system

Answer 25

arteries then falls throughout circulation

Answer 26

the driving force for blood flow

Answer 27

evens and mentains pressure

Answer 28

cardiac output and peripheral resistance arterioles are the main site for variable resistance, in the systemic circulation eg: main control point

Answer 29

blood volume Cardiac output Resistance of the system to blood flow Relative distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels

Answer 30

changes in blood volume: blood loss decreases blood pressure Varying cardiac output Varying, peripheral resistance colon hypertension, usually thought to increase peripheral resistance Redistributing blood within a system: 60% of the blood in veins are constricted by sympathetic stimulation, and will cause an increase in blood pressure

Answer 31

Central nervous system mechanisms

Answer 32

The baroreceptors reflex It’s major role is to keep arterial blood pressure within narrow limits and to be able to initiate changes within seconds carotid sinus is thinner than other parts of the carotid artery Therefore, it stretches more in response to pulse pressure

Answer 33

if peripheral vasodilation, because, arterial blood pressure will tend to fall This fall is detected by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch A rise in blood pressure causes an increase in firing the nerves signaling to the brain The cardiovascular center in the medulla responds by either: increasing parasympathetic turn to the heart or by decreasing sympathetic tone to the heart. [Arterioles and veins]

Answer 34

Renin-a hormone enzyme released from the kidney: by low arterial pressure [low sodium] now a low blood volume renin releases results in the production of angiotensin II in the blood

Answer 35

stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus directly constricts blood vessels Causes the increased sodium and water reabsorption by the kidney These effects lead to increased blood volume and increased peripheral resistance

Answer 36

The circulation wax effectively via blood flow and capillary exchange efficient Blood supply to the tissues is related to metabolic need – Allows for large variations

Answer 37

it is the local control of resistance to enable changes in flow or to Keep flow or pressure constant.

Answer 38

Metabolic, a decrease in local oxygen levels, raised levels of carbon dioxide, low pH, slightly raised potassium, concentration - all cause vasodilation

Answer 39

it increases in the flow release. There is no release from the endothelium causing vasodilation Other vasodilator paracrine hormones include histamine and bradykinin

Answer 40

by local and systemic control

Answer 41

The deliberate induction of an immune response To use the natural immune defense to provide long-term protection against infection Sometimes known as vaccination

Answer 42

establishment of infection Induction of adaptive response Adaptive immune response Immunological memory

Answer 43

reinfection Immunization removes the need for infection to obtain memory

Answer 44

stimulate our bodies to develop a specific immunity Protection and memory When we encounter a pathogen, we respond: Rapidly Effectively Via secondary immune response

Answer 45

not all people respond strongly No vaccine is 100% effective

Answer 46

chance of an infected person contacting a non-immune person

Answer 47

Successful vaccination programs rely upon engagement/compliance If people perceive a low disease risk [they are unlikely to get it/not so bad they do] then they won’t worry about risk Risk of adverse reaction perceived worse than risk from the disease

Answer 48

safe: The vaccine must not itself cause illness, or death protective: vaccine must protect against illness, resulting from exposure to the live pathogen gifts sustained protection: the protection against an illness must last for several years Induces neutralizing antibody Induces protective T cells Practical considerations: low cost per dose, biological stability, ease of administration, few side effects

Answer 49

Live attenuated vaccines inactivated vaccines Toxoids Subunit vaccines

Answer 50

attenuation: to weaken reduce pathogenicity of microbe Grow an organism under abnormal culture conditions: Grows virus in nonhuman cell generic modifiction more rapid and reliable than above

Answer 51

edward jenner smallpox

Answer 52

A freeze dried vaccine was employed Storable without refrigeration One month stability This was delivered with a bifurcated needle Low-dose, and could be sterilized

Answer 53

promote, lifelong immunity Induce, strong immune responses Can include more effector mechanisms

Answer 54

risk of reversion Can cause disease Vaccinated people can transmit the attenuated vaccine organism Storage problems

Answer 55

no risk of reversion Easily stored Highly stable

Answer 56

variable efficiency Generate weaker responses boosters needed

Answer 57

for disease is caused by exotoxins diphtheria tetanus Toxin is purified and inactivated by physical or chemical means Complete detox is needed without the loss of epitope structure They can still neutralize antibodies

Answer 58

They avoid the use of whole pathogens they immunized with key components of the pathogen Because they can’t cause disease alone The response to them protects

Answer 59

reductionist vaccine with part of a protein They provide relatively effective hepatitis B vaccines Recombinant peptides can be used

Answer 60

they are short and don’t fold There is a reduced ability of antibodies to bind due to the loss of confirmation Poor at humoral stimulation

Answer 61

they insert cloned DNA for a gene Animals respond to B & T cells to the encoded protein DC dependant

Answer 62

The root can be crucial The injection may not protect so well against infection at mucosal surfaces You must induce protection at the relevant site

Answer 63

they nonspecifically enhance the immune response to Ag with which it is mixed They are used for nonliving vaccines They must be: Safe Biodegradable Stable Chemically defined Efficient

Answer 64

they activate the responding of cells to the immune system They alter the delivery by affecting the rate or route of delivery

Answer 65

incubation prodromal illness decline convalescence

Answer 66

an increase in body temperature

Answer 67

duration, frequency and height of the fever How temperatures are being measured history of any recurrent infections Rash Exposure to illness in the family or community History of recent immunizations History of foreign travel

Answer 68

developing body systems developing immune systems developing habitus anatomically variant: airway anatomy breathing: nasal/abdominal breathers low circulating volume

Answer 69

using an electronic or chemical dot thermometer in axilla or infrared tympanic thermometer

Answer 70

infection: bacterial viral teething post vaccination

Answer 71

less than 3 months >38°C 3-6 months >39°C weak high pitched or continuous cry fever lasting more than 5 days rigor reduced urine output

Answer 72

cause: unknown a leading cause of acquired heart disease in children 8 in 100,000 diagnosed each year but is increasing 72% of those affected are under 5

Answer 73

a traffic light system for identifying serious disease

Answer 74

measles german measles chicken pox mumps hand foot and mouth disease viral and bacterial meningitis

Answer 75

respiratory disease with an all body rash clear prodrome with symptoms initially a macular rash later becomes papular with coalescence with a distinctive appearance

Answer 76

not the same as measles incubation period 15-20 days prodromal symptoms vary with age a child does not tend to feel too unwell initial rash at 4 days is pink macules later the rash spreads and there is some convergence main complication is foetal damage in early pregnancy

Answer 77

incubation period is 1-3 weeks most infectious period is 1-2 days before the rash appears continues until the rash has blistered over prodrome for 1-2 days ibuprofen should not be used with chicken pox

Answer 78

occurs in an individual who has had chickenpox Can transmit has chickenpox, but not as shingles Small blisters on red, swollen skin Small area than chickenpox Can be very painful and serious if it affects the eye Virus remain dormant after infection in nerve roots

Answer 79

commonly caused by coxsackievirus Transmitted in fluid drops Most common in late summer and autumn Low-grade fever, and sore throat Painful blisters, similar to cold, sores, can appear in the mouth or tongue Resolves after 7 to 10 days Symptomatic treatment analgesic/ antipyretic, calamine lotion, ice lollies

Answer 80

Viral meningitis is usually considered to be less dangerous and it’s fairly common complication of virus infections. there is no specific treatment. headache and fever May also be vomiting Serious symptoms: Neck and back stiffness Over sensitivity to light severe headache Drowsines in meningococcal meningitis diarrhea and or a Rash may occur