The Paris Peace Treaties Flashcards
Name the treaties and the country
Treaty of Trianon (Hungary) Treaty of St. Germain (Austria) Treaty of Sevres (Turkey) Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria) Treaty of Versailles (Germany)
Similarities between the treaties
Lost land
Demilitarisation
War guilt
Reparations
Wilson’s 14 Points
- End to secret alliances
- Freedom of the seas
- Free trade among nations
- World disarmament
- Self-determination for former colonies and invaded territories
- A world-peace organisation
Leaders of the Big Three and posts
Lloyd-George (Prime Minister)
Clemenceau (Prime Minister)
Woodrow Wilson (President)
Aims of Clemenceau (France)
Wanted revenge Protection against Germany Remembered Franco-Prussian War French President (Poincare) wanted Germany broken up into several states Wanted treaty to weaken Germany forever
Aims of Lloyd-George (Britain)
Wanted trade (2nd largest trading partner)
Middle between US and France
Wanted them to lose colonies
Reduction of navy (threatened Royal Navy)
Public wanted revenge but he knew consequences
Won election promising to make Germany pay
Aims of Woodrow Wilson (USA)
Wanted Peace
Germany should be punished but not too harshly
14 points
Wanted to avoid a war
Self-Determination (Eastern Europe to rule itself instead of being part of an empire)
Effects of WW1
Economic Effects
Social Effects
Political Effects
Territorial Effects
Economic Effects (WW1)
Britain, Russia, France bankrupt Relied on money from US Inflation in Germany Fuel Shortage Germany Currency collapsed in Germany Germany was in debt
Social Effects (WW1)
Millions of Refugees (spread diseases- Spanish Flu, 50 million deaths)
35 million people died worldwide
Lack of working men made working women and voting rights
Hierarchal structure of society broke down
Political Effects (WW1)
Empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey collapsed
Russian Tsar died and communism took over
Habsburg Monarchs didn’t have anywhere to rule
Britain and France’s colonies began to think of independence
Territorial Effects (WW1)
Germany lost 15% of its population
France and Germany suffered most damage
Germany borders undecided
Why did Big Three Disagree
No war on US soil
US wasn’t as affected so Wilson was more idealistic
Clemenceau felt that US and Britain wanted strong Germany to keep them in check
Wilson weakened by lack of support at home
Lloyd-George was worried by the idea of independence that Woodrow Wilson had because there was British Empire
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Territory
Military
Reparations
International Peace
Territory (TOV)
Alsace Lorraine lost to France
Polish Corridor and Upper Silica lost to Poland
Danzig Port to LoN…
Lost valuable land for industry
Rhineland demilitarised
Saarland plebiscite after 15y under LoN
Forbidden Anschluss
Colonies given away
Lost 10% of land, 12,5% of population, 48% of iron
7 million Germans lived outside of Germany
Military Restrictions (TOV)
100 00 men 7 Infantry devisions No submarines, tanks and aircrafts 6 battleships No conscription No arms trade 15 000 sailors
Reparations (TOV)
£6,6 billion to be paid before 1984
Taken in iron ore and coal
International Peace (TOV)
Not allowed to join LoN until proven to be a ‘peace loving country’`
Article 231: War guilt
Consequences of ToV
Kapp Putsch (1) Munich Putsch(2 Hitler) Berlin workers going on strike Fell behind paying reparations France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr Strike 2 --> Hyperinflation Regular assassination attempts
Reaction to ToV
Germany thought it was unfair ToV members called a 'Diktat' Government called 'November Criminals' Germans thought they didn't start the war Felt betrayed
Justification for the ToV
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was harsher Germany had bigger steel production Caused damage during the war Started the war Would have made them pay if they had lost France lost 2/3 of army Franco-Prussian War Britain lost 1 million men
Against ToV
Germans living away from Germany (too far)
Claimed allies were trying to bankrupt them
Clemenceau was acting out of revenge
Germany not invited to ToV
Felt Britain & France did not want peace
Only country to disarm
Armistice
11 am November 11th 1918
Germany and allies to stop fighting
Dawes Plan
Promised economic loans from America to Germany, 1924
Freikorps
German mercenaries that usually fought Communists
Hyperinflation
Rapidly escalating price of goods that occurred in Germany in 1923 when too much money was printed so it became worthless
Self-Determination
The right for countries to rule themselves
Spartacists
Left-Wing Communist group that wanted a revolution
Brest-Litovsk
1918- Treaty that ended Russia’s participation in WW1
1919
Spartacists uprising
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of St. Germain
1920
Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Sevres
Kapp Putsch
1923
Hyperinflation
Munich Putsch
Treaty of Lausanne
1924
Dawes Plan
1925
Ruhr
Locarno Pact
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary
Lost land to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania
Lost 60% of its population
Ethnic Hungarians live outside Hungary (border’s redrawn)
Lost trading routes via the Med
Loss of income
Humiliating
Loss of markets and trade restrictions
Could not afford to pay back the reparations
Italy felt they didn’t get enough of Hungary land
Romania (buffer state -> block Russian access to the Meditarranean sea) took Transylvania
Locarno Treaties
Agreed to redefined borders agreed to during the Paris Peace Treaties
As Germany signed that they agreed to the land they lost they were considered a ‘peace loving country’ and allowed into the League of Nations
1925
Treaty of St. Germain
Austria 1919
Hapsburg Empire dismantled
Humiliated because denied union with Germany
-> forbidden to unite with any other country without the approval of the League of Nations
Humiliated because they lost land to 5 countries
Lost a lot of economic and industrial land to Czechoslovakia and Poland lost 15 million people (in land)
Treaty of Sevres
Turkey 1920
Ottoman Empire fallen
Reparations
All colonies given away: Arabia independent
Totally Disarm, army limited to 500,000 men
Lost land to Greece (rivals)
Muslim factions hated Western occupation
Sent country into civil war
Renegotiation in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal
Reclaimed Anatolia
Treaty of Lausanne 1923 -> renegotiated treaty
Treaty of Neuilly
Bulgaria 1919 Totally disarm $100 million in reparations Lost land to Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania Lost access to the Aegean sea Recognised independance of Yugoslavia
Treaty of Lausanne
Turkey #2 1923
Removed reparation and demilitarisation payments
Withdrawal of foreign troops in Turkish territory
Return to Turkey of the East
Turkish soverignty over Bosporus and Dardanelles straits recognised (still had to be demiliatrised and subject to international conventions)
Trianon + Neuilly Fair/Unfair
Unfair: lost more land than Kingdom of Hungary which had also been part of Austria-Hungary (Trianon)
Fair: had been one of the main contributors to the war and therefore it was normal that they had harsher terms than some of the other countries
Sèvres/Lausanne Fair/Unfair
Fair/Unfair: was originally very harsh but was renegotatiated in Treaty of Lausanne
St Germain Fair/Unfair
Unfair: overruled the principal of self-determination South Tyol given to Italy and Sudetenland given to Czechs which mean Austrian nationals living under foreign rule
Overall fair
League of Nations
Reparations made it possible to recover and viable
Disarmament
Moderate in comparison to others (Brest litovsk)
Reparations can be seen as both fair and unfair
Overall unfair
Unfair to population Territory breakup Distribution of power Sevres and Trianon War guilt clause for Germany
