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Networking Overview > The OSI application layer > Flashcards

The OSI application layer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of applications in the network?

A

Provide the means for generating and receiving data that can be transported along the network

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the application layer?

A

Applications, services and protocols.

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3
Q

What is the 1st (5) step that the application layer performs in OSI model communication?

A

People create the communication

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4
Q

What is the 2nd (5) step that the application layer performs in OSI model communication?

A

Software and hardware convert communication into digital format

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5
Q

What is the 3rd (5) step that the application layer performs in OSI model communication?

A

Application layer services initiate the data transfer

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6
Q

What is the 4th (5) step that the application layer performs in OSI model communication?

A

Each layer plays its role

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7
Q

What is the 5th (5) step that the application layer performs in OSI model communication?

A

The application layer receives data from the network and prepares it for human use

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8
Q

What is another role of the application layer in OSI model communication?

A

The application layer prepares human communication for transmission over a data network

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9
Q

What does the application layer provide?

A

An interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which messages are transmitted.

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10
Q

What are application layer protocols used for?

A

To exchange data between programs running on source and data hosts

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11
Q

What is the 1st (3) of the presentation layer’s primary functions?

A

Coding and conversion of Application layer to ensure data on the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate application on the destination device

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12
Q

What is the 2nd (3) of the presentation layer’s primary functions?

A

Compression of data in a manner that can be decompressed by the destination device

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13
Q

What is the 3rd (3) of the presentation layer’s primary functions?

A

Encryption of data for transmission and decryption when data reaches destination

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14
Q

What protocol stack is associated with the presentation layer?

A

No particular one

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15
Q

Why is no particular protocol stack associated with presentation layer?

A

Multiple standards for image and video

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16
Q

What are some video standards?

A

Quicktime

Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

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17
Q

What is quicktime?

A

A specification for video and audio

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18
Q

What is MPEG?

A

A standard for video compression and coding

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19
Q

What are some well known graphics image standards?

A

Graphics interchange format (GIF)
Joint photographics expert group (JPEG)
Tagged image file format (TIFF)

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20
Q

What are GIF and JPEG?

A

Coding and compression standards for graphic images

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21
Q

What is TIFF?

A

Standard coding format for graphic images

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22
Q

What is the role of the session layer?

A

Create and maintain dialogues between source and destination applications

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23
Q

What is the 1st thing (3) the session layer does?

A

Handles exchange of information to initiate dialogues

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24
Q

What is the 2nd thing (3) the session layer does?

A

Handles exchange of information to keep dialogues active

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25
Q

What is the 3rd thing (3) the session layer does?

A

Restarts sessions that are disrupted or idle for long periods of time

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26
Q

What is the role of TCP/IP application layer protocols.

A

Specify the format and control information necessary for many common internet functions

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27
Q

What is the 1st (5) of commonly known TCP/IP application layer protocols?

A

Domain Name Service (DNS) - Used to resolve internet names to IP addresses

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28
Q

What is the 2nd (5) of commonly known TCP/IP application layer protocols?

A

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) - Used to transfer files that make up webpages of the world wide web

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29
Q

What is the 3rd (5) of commonly known TCP/IP application layer protocols?

A

Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) - Used to transfer mail messages and attachments

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30
Q

What is the 4th (5) of commonly known TCP/IP application layer protocols?

A

Telnet, a terminal emulation protocol - Used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices

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31
Q

What is the 5th (5) of commonly known TCP/IP application layer protocols?

A

File transfer protocol (FTP) - Used for interactive file transfer between systems

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32
Q

What defines the protocols in the TCP/IP suite?

A

Requests for comments (RFCs) - standards for TCP/IP suite

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33
Q

What is an executing program loaded on a device known as in the world of networks?

A

A process

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34
Q

What are the two forms of software programs or processes that provide access to a network in the application layer?

A

Applications and services

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35
Q

What are applications?

A

Software programs used by people to communicate over a network

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36
Q

What is a network-aware application?

A

An application that implements the application layer and can communicate directly with the lower levels of the stack

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37
Q

What are 2 examples of network aware applications?

A

Email client and web browser

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38
Q

How does and application or network service know what data formats and standards to use?

A

Protocols

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39
Q

What protocols does the application layer use?

A

The ones that are implemented in applications and network services

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40
Q

What components could ‘Telnet’ refer to?

A

Application, service or protocol

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41
Q

What is the 1st thing (4) that protocols specify in the application layer?

A

What messages are exchanged between source and destination hosts

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42
Q

What is the 2nd thing (4) that protocols specify in the application layer?

A

The syntax of the control commands

43
Q

What is the 3rd thing (4) that protocols specify in the application layer?

A

The type and format for the data being transmitted

44
Q

What is the 4th thing (4) that protocols specify in the application layer?

A

The appropriate methods for error notification and recovery

45
Q

Which devices use application layer protocols during communication?

A

Source and destination

46
Q

What is an examples of multiple protocols being used in the same conversation?

A

One protocol may specify how to establish network communication while another may describe the process for data transfer when the message is passed two another layer

47
Q

What is the 1st (5) example of a message that a protocol will structure?

A

Requests for services

48
Q

What layer are client/server processes in?

A

Application

49
Q

What is the 2nd (5) example of a message that a protocol will structure?

A

Acknowledgements

50
Q

What is the 3rd (5) example of a message that a protocol will structure?

A

Data messages

51
Q

What is the 4th (5) example of a message that a protocol will structure?

A

Status messages

52
Q

What is the 5th (5) example of a message that a protocol will structure?

A

Error messages

53
Q

Protocols define message dialogues. What does this mean?

A

A message dialogue ensures a message gets the correct response and that corrected services are invoked when data transfer occurs

54
Q

How does the client begin a client/server exchange?

A

By requesting data from the server

55
Q

How does the server respond to a clients request in a client/server exchange?

A

By sending one or more streams of data to the client

56
Q

What do application layer protocols describe in a client/server exchange?

A

Format of the requests and responses

57
Q

What control information may be required in a client/server exchange?

A

User authentication

Identification of data file to be transferred

58
Q

In an email example, what is the client role in a client/server exchange?

A

Email client issues a request for any unread email to the email server

59
Q

In an email example, what is the server role in a client/server exchange?

A

Servers responds by sending requested email to client

60
Q

Where does data flow in client/server exchange?

A

From server -> client and from client -> server

61
Q

In general networking terms, what is a server?

A

A device that responds to requests from client appliations

62
Q

What is the 1st (6) example of files that can be stored on servers?

A

Web page

63
Q

What is the 2nd (6) example of files that can be stored on servers?

A

Document

64
Q

What is the 3rd (6) example of files that can be stored on servers?

A

Database

65
Q

What is the 4th (6) example of files that can be stored on servers?

A

Picture file

66
Q

What is the 5th (6) example of files that can be stored on servers?

A

Video file

67
Q

What is the 6th (6) example of files that can be stored on servers?

A

Audio file

68
Q

How does a network printer work in a client/server exchange?

A

Print server delivers client print request to specified printer

69
Q

Why might some servers require the authentication of user account information?

A

To verify if the user has permission to access particular data or a specific operation.

70
Q

What do servers that authenticate user accounts rely on?

A

Central list of user accounts along with their permissions (for data and operations)

71
Q

What is an example of permissions in FTP client/server?

A

When uploading, you may have permission to write to your specific folder, but not anybody elses folder

72
Q

What is a server service, or process, sometimes called?

A

A daemon

73
Q

Why are daemons described as ‘listening’?

A

They are programmed to respond to any request of a service provided by that daemon

74
Q

What does a daemon do when it “hears” a request from a client?

A

Exchanges appropriate messages with client, as dictated by its protocols, then sends client requested data in correct format

75
Q

How must a server handle multiple client requests in order to succeed?

A

Simultaneously and seperately

76
Q

How many application layer services could 1 application need?

A

Many

77
Q

What does the application layer rely on to successfully manage multiple conversations?

A

Support from lower layer functions

78
Q

What is the 1st (2) peer-to-peer networking form?

A

Peer-to-peer networking design

79
Q

What is the 2nd (2) peer-to-peer networking form?

A

Peer-to-peer applications (P2P)

80
Q

What is a peer-to-peer network?

A

Two or more computers are connected over a network and can share resources.

81
Q

What is each end device on a peer-to-peer network known as?

A

A peer

82
Q

What can each peer in a peer-to-peer network act as?

A

A client and a server on a per request basis

83
Q

What is a simple example of a peer-to-peer network?

A

Two connected computers on a home network sharing a printer.

84
Q

What is another example of a peer-to-peer network?

A

Two computers connected to a network that uses software applications to share resources between one another on the network

85
Q

Where can information be found on a peer-to-peer network?

A

Anywhere on any connected device. It is decentralised.

86
Q

Why is it difficult to enforce security and access policies on a peer-to-peer network?

A

Since user account information is not centralised, this information would have to be set up on every device connecting to the network

87
Q

How does a P2P application differ from a P2P server?

A

A P2P application allows a device to act as a client and server in the same communication

88
Q

What do P2P applications require?

A

Each end device to have a user interface and run a background service

89
Q

What is the P2P hybrid system?

A

Resource sharing is decentralized but an index server stores the locations of resources

90
Q

What is another role an index server can play?

A

It can help connect two peers, but after that, the peers only communicate with each other

91
Q

What is the 1st (7) application layer service and port number?

A

Domain Name System (DNS) TCP/UDP Port 53

92
Q

What is the 2nd (7) application layer service and port number?

A

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) TCP Port 80

93
Q

What is the 3rd (7) application layer service and port number?

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP Port 25

94
Q

What is the 4th (7) application layer service and port number?

A

Post Office Protocol (POP) TCP Port 110

95
Q

What is the 5th (7) application layer service and port number?

A

Telnet TCP Port 23

96
Q

What is the 6th (7) application layer service and port number?

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UDP Ports 67 and 68

97
Q

What is the 7th (7) application layer service and port number?

A

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) TCP Ports 20 and 21

98
Q

What is the 1st (4) basic DNS step?

A

User types in easy to use URL

99
Q

What is the 2nd (4) basic DNS step?

A

DNS server matches URL (human address) with IP address (numeric address)

100
Q

What is the 3rd (4) basic DNS step?

A

Numeric address is returned to client making requests of the server

101
Q

What is the 4th (4) basic DNS step?

A

Legible name has been resolved into numbers by DNS

102
Q

What are two advantages of domain names?

A

Easy to remember

If IP address is changed, user will not notice

103
Q

What single format do DNS communications protocols use?

A

A message

104
Q

What does the DNS protocol include the formats for?

A

Queries, responses and data formats

Networking Overview (3 decks)

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