The Origins of Natural Philosophy

Question 1

What is the origin of natural philosophy?/ What is the roots of modern science?

Answer 1

The roots of modern science can be traced to the heritage of natural philosophy. To a small group of Greek philosophers.

Question 2

Which river systems are considered the four great cradles of civilization?

Answer 2

• Nile
• Tigris-Euphrates
• Indus-Ganges
• Yellow

Question 3

What were the common characteristics of early civilizations?

Answer 3

Floods renewed soil, agriculture, feed large populations

Question 4

What are the key skills developed from large-scale agricultural production?

Answer 4

• Counting and measurement
• Accounting skills/record keeping
• Timekeeping (worship/production)
• Astronomical observations/calendars

Question 5

What were the practical skills related to surveying in early civilizations?

Answer 5

• Geometry
• Level/angle measurement devices
• Building projects

Question 6

What did Thales of Miletus argue was the prime constituent of nature?

Answer 6

Water

Question 7

What are the three forms of matter according to Thales?

Answer 7

• Water
• Earth
• Mist

Question 8

What philosophical concept did Pythagoras contribute to?

Answer 8

Cosmology based on numbers

Question 9

What does the Pythagorean Theorem relate?

Answer 9

The length of the hypotenuse of a triangle to its sides

Question 10

True or False: Heraclitus believed that all was change and nature was in constant flux?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What did Parmenides argue about change?

Answer 11

Change is an illusion

Question 12

Who is Zeno

Answer 12

Zeno(fl. 450 BCE) was Parmenides’s best-known pupil.

Question 13

What was Zeno’s Paradox?

Answer 13

Famous proof against the possibility of motion

Question 14

What is the “most famous” of Zeno’s riddles?

Answer 14

Archilles and the Tortoise.

Question 15

Explain the most famous of Zeno’s riddles?

Answer 15

Trojan war hero Archilles line up for a long distnce race against a tortoise. Archilles gives the torotoise a head start- e.g one mile. Zeno argued that becuse the tortoise is always ahead, by the time Archilles arrives at it’s previous position the hero will never catch up.

Question 16

What illness does the article discuss within the
context Zeno’s work?

Answer 16

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).

Question 17

What is the main focus of Socratic questioning?

Answer 17

Guiding students to correct understanding through questions

Question 18

What work did Plato write that discusses an ideal society?

Answer 18

The Republic

Question 19

What are the four elements according to Plato?

Answer 19

• Earth
• Water
• Air
• Fire

Question 20

What central ideas did Aristotle contribute to natural philosophy?

Answer 20

• System to provide complete description of natural objects
• System to verify knowledge

Question 21

What are the four irreducible qualities of matter according to Aristotle?

Answer 21

• Hot
• Cool
• Wet
• Dry

Question 22

What are the four causes identified by Aristotle?

Answer 22

• Formal
• Material
• Efficient
• Final

Question 23

What did Epicureans argue about the composition of the world?

Answer 23

Constructed of an innumerable number of indestructible atoms

Question 24

What did Aristotle reject as a method of gaining knowledge?

Answer 24

Experimentation

Question 25

What was Euclid's significant work?

Answer 25

Elements

Question 26

What made Euclid's Elements significant?

Answer 26

* Systematic presentation of proofs * Scope of work unifying Greek math

Question 27

Who was Eratosthenes of Cyrene?

Answer 27

Chief Librarian in Museum of Alexandria who measured the circumference of the Earth

Question 28

What is citizen science?

Answer 28

Citizen science is a collaborative approach where the public participates in scientific research, contributing data, insights, or observations to address real-world problems. It's also known as participatory science or community science. (AI definition).

Question 29

What was Aristotle's greatest work pertaining to animals?

Answer 29

History of Animals

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Aristotle argued that knowledge comes only from our _______.

Answer 30

senses

Question 31

Who was Thales's student, and what element did he add to matter?

Answer 31

Anaximander; he added fire

Question 32

The Pythagoreans developed a cosmology that divided the universe into three spheres. What are the three spheres?

Answer 32

- Uranos: the least perfect, was the sublunar realm or terrestrial sphere. - Olympos: it is the outer spheres, a perfect realm and the home of the gods. - Cosmos: btw uranos and olympos sphere and it is the sphere of moving bodies.

Question 33

What are the four prerequisites for Life according to Thales and Anaximander

Answer 33

- Water - Earth - Air(mist) - Fire

Question 34

What was the (additional) other aspect of nature that was added by Greek thinkers?

Answer 34

Change;