The origins of multicuturalism Flashcards
In which countries were the first multiculturalist ideas developed?
Canada and Australia, nations that had long been anything but homogenous in their cultural make-up.
Canadian-British, Canadian-French and native-Canadian cultures had their roots in what colonisation of the 18th century?
Anglo-French colonisation.
In which decades had multiculturalism began to gain traction within certain liberal democracies?
1960’s and 1970’s
What are the four reasons behind the development of multiculturalism within certain liberal democracies?
- Increased levels of migration seen after the end of the Second World War, especially from former colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean to former imperial states like the UK and France.
- The way certain states, like the UK and France, were responding to such high levels of immigration.
- The perceived possibility of a new response to the challenge of a multicultural society. The state would encourage and promote cultural diversity.
- ‘Conservative’ view of culture and history began to be routinely challenged.
How does Isaiah Berlin define culture?
‘sum of preferences and assumptions that create and sustain communities… normally relating to language, morality, religion and shared historical circumstance’
How does Bhikhu Parekh define culture?
‘primordo-historical’ factors shared by groups of individuals, such as ethnicity or country of origin.
What is assimilation?
A French-style response to a multicultural or multiracial society; one where the state vigorously promotes the ‘majority’ culture while encouraging those from minority backgrounds to avoid public expressions of their own culture in the interests of social cohesion.
What is individualist integration?
A US/UK- style response to a multicultural or multiracial society; one where the state endorses a majority (and broadly liberal) culture, while recognising the right of minority cultures to exist in the private sphere.
What is diversity?
Central to multiculturalism is the belief that as a result of tolerance, multicultural societies can glory in their ethnic and cultural variety, seeing it as conducive to a harmonious and united society.
What is multiculturalist integration?
The notion that a culturally diverse society can be unified through the state highlighting and endorsing a variety of cultures, while according none of them primacy or preference.
What is tolerance?
Rooted in the Enlightenment and the ideas of liberal philosophers such as John Locke and John Stuart Mill, tolerance denotes an acceptance of views and behaviour very different to one’s own.
By how much did the BAME population of the UK rise from 1950 to 1970?
From 1% in 1950 to 4% in 1970
