the origin of the cold war 1941-58 Flashcards
1
Q
who was the grand alliance made up of
A
USSR,America and britian
2
Q
why were the grand alliance united
A
for their desire to defeat Nazi germany
3
Q
where were the three conferences held in around 1943-1945 to discuss Nazi Germany
A
Tehran
Yalta
Potsdam
4
Q
what year was the Tehran conference held
A
1943
5
Q
who was the British prime minister at the time of the cold war
A
Winston churchill
6
Q
who was the american president in the tehran and Yalta conference
A
Franklin Roosevelt
7
Q
what were the consequences of the Tehran conference
A
LAND: agreed Russia could keep land in eastern Europe to take it away from Germany - GOOD for Russia as they would gain land
MILITARY: USA and Britain would launch second attack on Germany in west so Germans would have to reduce army in east.
8
Q
when was the Yalta conference
A
february 1945
9
Q
what were the consequences of the Yalta conference
A
political: Churchill felt isolated
Territorial : Germany would be divided into 4 zones - and berlin was divided
ECONOMIC: 20 million should be paid by germany - half should go to Russia
10
Q
who was the president of the USSR at the three conferences from 1943-1945
A
Joseph Stalin
11
Q
what did Stalin disagree with that was agreed in the Yalta confernece
A
the ‘free elections’
- he thought that only communist parties could be running as they were the only party that truly represented the people
12
Q
when was the Potsdam conference
A
july 1945
13
Q
what were some important agreements that were made at the Potsdam conference
A
- the exact division of Germany and Berlin were determined
- the new boundaries of poland were agreed
- the nazi leaders would be tried for war crimes
14
Q
who was the new american president at the time of the Potsdam conference
A
Harry truman
15
Q
what was left undecided after the Potsdam conference
A
they didnt decide if or when, the zones in Germany would rejoin to make a country again
16
Q
who was replaced by Winston churchill at the time of the Yalta conference
A
Clemet Attlee
17
Q
why were the tensions high after the three conferences
A
Britain and the USA were politically different to the USSR
AFTER POTSDAM
- Truman was more suspicious of Stalin and was less willing to compromise
- Stalin was installing a government consisting of only pro- communist members - went against the Yalta agreements
18
Q
when did Truman become president
A
1945
19
Q
what were the different ideologies of the USSR and USA that caused their tension
A
USSR: communist,single party state,economy controlled by state, NO private ownership of property,promoted atheism
USA: capitalist,democratically elected government , private ownership of property,population mainly christian
20
Q
what were the two superpowers
A
USA and USSR
21
Q
what side was Japan on during the war and what did it do after Germany surrended
A
Germany
Japan continued to fight
22
Q
when did america drop the atomic bombs on japan and what were the cities.
A
August 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
23
Q
what were the consequences of the dropping of the bomb on japan in 1945
A
- USSR wasnt needed to defeat Japan
- stalin responded by taking more land creating a ‘buffer zone’ for safety
-stalin thought USA were trying to intimidate USSR and was angry that USA surpassed USSR tech
- Boosted Status of USA - only country with Nuclear power for 4 years
- increased rivalry and stalin sped up process to create their own atomic bomb - starting an arms race
24
Q
what was the red army
A
The USSR army
25
in which countries did stalin impose pro-soviet governments between 1945 adn 1948
Czech,Poland,Hungry,Romania,Bulgariia
26
why was Yugoslavia an execption to the soviet domination between 1945-1948
It had freed itself from germans without the red army
- already a communist but more open to the west
27
when was Churchills famous speech and what was it called
Iron curtain speech
1946
28
what was the iron curtain speech about
stating that Europe was divided between east and west
it demonstrated the breakdown of the Grand Alliance where the USA and Britain viewed USSR as a threat not an ally
29
what is a cold war
where there is no direct fighting but both sides were afraid of each other and it was a period of international tension
30
what were the two telegrams in 1946 called
the long telegram - to truman
the Novikov telegram - to Stalin
31
what were the two telegrams about
they were reports detailing the motivations and intentions of the other country
32
when was the long telegram sent
february 1946
33
when was the novikov telegram sent
september 1946
34
what was detailed in the long telegram
- issued to truman about the USSR
- said that stalin gave a speech in favour of destruction of capitalism
- warned the the USSR were trying to weaken and divide western powers while building its own military
35
what was detailed in the novikov telegram
- issued to stalin about USA
- claimed USA were pursuing world supremacy
- warned that USA were trying to limit influence of USSR in europe
36
what were the statilite states
the countries controlled by the USSR with communist governments in europe
37
how did stalin get control of the satellite states
red army freed eastern Europe countries from Nazis
they had no government so Stalin implemented a communist government into them to keep them as a part of his empire
38
why did truman create the truman doctrine and the marshall plan
he was worried about communism spreading to the west where many countries were suffering from economic hardships , which he thought might make communism took more appealing
39
when was the truman doctrine announced
march 1947
40
when was the marshall plan announced
june 1947
41
what was the truman doctrine
a set of ideas that president Truman set out to stop communism spreading in Europe
42
what were the ideas app-art of the truman doctrine
- helps countries threatened by communism
- promised 400 million + sent trrops to greece and turkey to stop communism
- clear statment about the differences between communism ( he thought dictatorship) and captilalism
-promised to help any country not wanting communism with money and military
43
what was the marshall plan
after truman had set out the truman doctrine ( his ideas), george marhsall set out the practical plan that would happen
44
what did the marshall plan do
- gave economic aid for countries hit by war
- USA gave 12.7 billion dollars
- called it a lifeline to sinking men,giving hope when there was none
- money was offered by states controlled by stalin
45
why did stalin order all his satellite states to reject the marshall plan
Stalin believed that the USA were trying to become more powerful and create an empire by offering free money
Stalin called the USA actions ' Dollar imperialism'
46
what did the USSR create in reaction of the Marshall plan and Truman doctrine?
Cominform and Comecon
47
why did stalin create Cominform and Comecon
he was suspicious and wanted to seek revenge by setting up his own economic and political polices
48
when was Cominform introduced
september 1947
49
what was cominform
made sure any orders by Stalin in Russia were followed in other communist countries
each country would have a com inform office
50
what was Comecon
made sure no eastern European country under communist rule too economic aid from Marshall plan
trade happened between communist countries only
communist party took over all industry
51
when was comecon introduced
January 1949
52
what was trizonia
when britain and american decided to combine their zones in germany in 1947 and a year later france joined the zone
53
what was introduced into the new western zone in germany
a new currency to help economic development
a single government
54
why was stalin alarmed at the new western zone in germany
- unified western zone on his doorstep
-western Berlins strong capitalist economy made communism is look weak and embarrassed the USSR
55
what did Stalin do as a result of the western zone uniting
he decided to blockade berlin to try and force the west to withdrawl from berlin
56
what happened in the berlin blockade
blocking off the only land route in and out of, Berlin.
They stopped any food and essential materials such as fuel getting to the Western controlled parts of Berlin.
57
when was the berlin blockade
june 1948
58
why were the west reluctant to give up west berlin
Stalin hoped that the people in West Berlin would be that starving that they would be willing to hand over the
whole of Berlin to the Soviet Union. It was also a way to show his power.
59
what did the west do in response to the berlin blockade
they ordered the berlin AIrlift
60
what happened in the Berlin Airlift
- fly in supplies
- lasted for 318 days
- by 1949 8000 tones of supplies were being flown in each day
- tegel airport built to support large volume of flights
61
what were the consequences of the berlin blockade and the berlin airlift
- stalin lifted the blockade
- increased tensions becuase stalin didnt lift the blockade willingly
- allies appeared strong
- stalin was humiliated
- showed the west how unprepared they would be if there would be conflict
62
what was the name of the military alliance formed in 1949
NATO
63
why was NATO formed
the Berlin blockade showed the west how unprepared they would be if there would be conflict so as a result the western powers decided to form military alliance
64
when was NATO formed
1949
65
what was the concept of NATO
if any member of NATO was attacked they would respond together
66
what did Stalin create in reponse to NATO and why
the Warsaw pact
stalin saw the formation of NATO as a threat
67
what was formed in 1949 in germany
the two separate states West germ (FRG) and East germ (GDR)
68
when was the warsaw pact established
1955
69
who were the members of the warsaw pact
all the statelite states apart from Yugoslavia
70
what was the concept of the Warsaw pact
- improve defence capability of eastern Europe and strengthen relationship
71
What was the result of NATO and the Warsaw pact
there were now two power blocs in europe
72
what was the arms race
when the USA and USSR worked to produced the most powerful weapons they could
73
what was the space race
when the USSR sent the first man into space in 1961 quickly followed by the USA sending astronauts to the moon in 1969
74
what was the timeline of the development of nuclear weapons
- usa - atomic bomb 1945
- USSR - atomic bomb 1949
- USA hydrogen bomb 1952
- USSR hydrogen bomb 1955
- USSR ICBM - 1957
- USA ICBM -1959
75
what was the ICBM
intercontinental ballistic missile
which could strike USA after being launched within the USSR
76
when was the ICBM created in both countries
USA - 1959
USSR -1957
77
when was the hydrogen bomb created in both countries
USA-1952
USSR - 1955
78
what was the arms race fuelled by
the fear and suspicion of other events
- NATO
- WARSAW
79
what happened in Feb 1950 to do with china and the USSR
they signed a treaty of alliance which strengthened western fears that the USSR were planning communist domination
80
why were tensions high when the arms race were going on
USA and USSR had the power to destroy each other multiple times
81
when did stalin die
1953
82
who was Stalin replaced with and when
Nikita Khrushchev
1953
83
did the arms race slow down when Khrushchev was in power
no because he continued to develop weapons, the west still felt threatened
84
what were Khrushchev ideas when he come into power
- he wanted 'Peaceful co-existence' with the west
- he remained competitive
- wanted communism to spread - but dint want to defeat west in a war
85
when Khrushchev came to power who did his speech criticise
Stalin's polices
86
what did Krushchev do to de-stalinise the USSR
- abolition of death penalty
- freeing of political prisoners
- abolished cominform
87
by Krushchev abolishing Cominform what did it mean for Eastern europe
they would have more political and economic freedom
88
When cominform was abolished why did unrest begin to stir
- not all states had chosen communism and saw the changes as a chance to loosen ties with the USSR
89
when was the uprising in Poland
1956
90
what happened in the 1956 uprising in poland
- USSR threatened to intervene
- eventually allowed gov to follow their own version on communism which encouraged others to revolt
91
who was in charge of Hungry after the second world war
Matyas Rakosi who was a brutal stalinist
92
who was incharge of hungry after Matyas Raksoi
Imre Nagy
93
what did Nagy announce in Hungry in 1956
That Hungry would withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and hold free elections - ending communism there
94
what happened in the soviet invasion of the hungarian uprising
In response to the threat of leaving the Warsaw Pact, Khrushchev sent in the Red Army into Budapest. The
Hungarian people fought back in what was known as the Hungarian Uprising. Hungarians, including women and
children took up arms against the invading Red Army.
95
when did the soviets invade hungry
November 1956
96
what happened when the soviets invaded Hungry
- Thousands of hungarians were killed or wounded
- soviet tanks invaded
- Nagy arrested and hanged
- Janos Kadar became prim minister and ensured loyalty to USSR
97
Who became the Hungarian prime minister after Nagy
Janos Kadar
98
why did the west not help in the Hungarian uprising
America wanted to stop Communism from spreading with the policy of containment but not interfere with those countries already taken over by the Soviet Union.
- too risky - might start a nuclear war
99
what did the hungarian people do in the uprising
they protested in the capital city of budapest
they tore down a statue of stalin to show thier hatred of communism
100
what is the importance of the Tehran conference
Russia getting everything they wanted - Britain feared they would loose power
relationship improved as they were giving Russia what they wanted
eventually led to united nations being created
101
what is the importance of the Yalta conference
disagreement with Russia: lack of agreement on how lack Germany should pay
land : Stalin wanted more land in the east and felt he wasn't given enough.
Poland elections: Stalin couldn't have everything he wanted because he had to give Poland free elections
102
how was the Truman doctrine a change in approach for the USA
before - the war the USA wanted to be isolated from the world and solve its own problems
after - Usa wanted to contain - policy known as containment - stopping spread of communism so no more countries would be contained
103
who was the Marshall plan named after
George Marshall, the US secretary of state
104
what were the consequences of the Marshall plan and Truman doctrine
- idea of a friendly alliance was now gone
- USA was directly opposed to USSR
- stalin believed Europe were trying to take over
- Europe became divided into western and eastern Europe
( a consequence of the Truman was the Marshall)
105
what was the importance of the Marshall and Truman doctrine
- containment ( truman)
- marshall plan ( truman)
- east and weat germany was opposed ( both)
- comecon ( marshall)
106
what was the consequence of com econ
it made the divide between communism and capitalism even greater
which then increased tensions
107
what was the currency made for Trizonia
Deutschmark
108
what were the consequences of trizonia
Russia were angry and protested by blocking off the only land route in and out of west berlin, known as the berlin blockade
109
why were the hungarian people unhappy
- lack of freedom
- could not vote
- could not say what they wanted to in the newspapers
- fuel and food shortages
110
what were the consequences of the Hungarian uprising
- it failed
- taken over again by force by the Soviet Red Army. There
were 200,000 Soviet troops.
- asked for help from the America but no support came
- 20,000 Hungarians were killedin the protest.
- nagy executed
-
111
What were the longer term consequences of the Soviet invasion of Hungary?
- Khrushchev seemed more powerful - showed other states what he was willing to do
- A new, stronger and more Communist leader was appointed in Hungary
- showed USA was not willing to help - they looked weak
112
why was the long telegram important
from that point onwards, America would continue to act strongly towards Russia and carry out a policy called ‘containment’.
This meant that America wanted to stop the spread of communism and contain it in The Soviet Union only.
113
why was the novikov telegram important
led the Russians to believe
that they needed to occupy as
much land in Eastern Europe as
possible to protect themselves
against attack if it came.
114
when was trizonia
1948
115
when was the federal republic of germany created or west germany
1949
