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The Odyssey Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Athena in The Odyssey?

A

Advocate for Odysseus, guide for Telemachus, aid in trials

Athena pleads with Zeus to free Odysseus and helps him throughout his journey.

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2
Q

How does Athena assist Odysseus during his journey?

A

Calming storms, influencing people, providing wisdom and tactics

Athena provides strategic support in Odysseus’s battles and ensures peace in Ithaca.

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3
Q

What role does Calypso play in The Odyssey?

A

Captive of Love, divine intervention, reluctant release

Calypso holds Odysseus captive for seven years, representing temptation.

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4
Q

What does Ithaca symbolize for Odysseus?

A

Home and longing for family

Ithaca is where Penelope and Telemachus await Odysseus’s return.

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5
Q

What happens when Odysseus returns to Ithaca?

A

Disguises as a beggar, reunites with Telemachus, battles suitors

With Athena’s help, he reclaims his home and restores peace.

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6
Q

What is significant about Odysseus’s encounter with Aeolus?

A

Gift of the Winds, crew opens bag, blown back

Aeolus refuses to help Odysseus again, believing the gods are against him.

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7
Q

What event occurs at Ismarus?

A

Odysseus raids Cicones, suffers retaliation

Many of his men are killed after ignoring his warning to leave.

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8
Q

Who is Anticlea?

A

Odysseus’s mother, meets spirit in the underworld

Shows Odysseus’s self-control by not embracing her immediately.

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9
Q

What is Charybdis?

A

Massive sea monster creating whirlpools

Odysseus navigates between Charybdis and Scylla to escape danger.

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10
Q

Describe Laertes’s situation during Odysseus’s absence.

A

Withdrawn from society, reunites with Odysseus

Odysseus tests him by pretending to be a stranger.

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11
Q

What are the Sirens known for?

A

Enchanting song lures sailors to doom

Odysseus prevents his crew from hearing the song by plugging their ears.

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12
Q

What is Ogygia?

A

Island of Calypso, where she holds Odysseus captive

Calypso helps Odysseus build a raft for his escape.

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13
Q

Who is Aeolus?

A

God of winds, ruler of Aeolia

Provides Odysseus with a bag of winds to aid his journey.

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14
Q

Who is Lampetia?

A

Daughter of Helios, guards sacred cattle

Reports Odysseus’s crew for eating the cattle, leading to their punishment.

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15
Q

What is Phaeacia known for?

A

Skilled sailors and hospitality

Odysseus is welcomed and given a ship to return home.

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16
Q

Who is Polyphemus?

A

Cyclops, son of Poseidon, traps Odysseus’s men

Odysseus blinds him and escapes by hiding under sheep.

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17
Q

What is Zeus’s role in The Odyssey?

A

King of gods, controls fate, punishes Odysseus’s crew

Zeus allows Athena to help Odysseus and punishes him for eating Helios’s cattle.

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18
Q

What does the Muse represent in The Odyssey?

A

Artistic inspiration and power of storytelling

Guides the narration of Odysseus’s tale.

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19
Q

Who is Persephone?

A

Queen of Underworld, mentioned during Odysseus’s journey

Rules alongside Hades and holds power over souls.

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20
Q

Who is Homer?

A

Epic poet, composed The Odyssey and The Iliad

Invokes the Muse, representing oral tradition.

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21
Q

What is Helios known for?

A

Sun God, owns immortal cattle

Seeks revenge on Odysseus after his crew eats the cattle.

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22
Q

Who is Alcinous?

A

King of Phaeacia, provides aid to Odysseus

He helps Odysseus return home and punishes his people for assisting him.

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23
Q

Who is Maron?

A

Priest of Apollo, gives Odysseus powerful wine

The wine helps Odysseus outsmart Polyphemus.

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24
Q

What are the Cicones?

A

Thracian tribe living in Ismarus

They retaliate against Odysseus after he raids their village.

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25
Who is Penelope?
Faithful wife of Odysseus, weaves burial shroud ## Footnote Tests Odysseus upon his return by ordering the movement of their bed.
26
Who is Hades?
God of the Underworld ## Footnote His realm is a key setting in Odysseus’s journey.
27
Who is Elpenor?
Crewmember of Odysseus, dies on Circe’s island ## Footnote Asks Odysseus for a proper burial to rest his soul.
28
Who is Agamemnon?
King of Mycenae, leader in Trojan War ## Footnote Warns Odysseus about trusting women after being killed by his wife.
29
What are the Achaeans?
Greeks who fought in the Trojan War ## Footnote Includes famous warriors like Odysseus and Agamemnon.
30
Who is Poseidon?
God of the sea, seeks revenge on Odysseus ## Footnote Creates storms to prevent Odysseus's return and punishes the Phaeacians.
31
What is Aeaea?
Island home of Circe, embodies temptation ## Footnote Odysseus must resist her distractions to continue his journey.
32
Who is Tiresias?
Blind prophet from Thebes, guides Odysseus ## Footnote Warns him about troubles ahead after he visits the Underworld.
33
What punishment did the phaeaceans face for helping Odysseus?
Their ship was turned to stone.
34
What is Aeaea known for?
Island home of Circe, daughter of Helios, embodies temptation and distraction.
35
Who is Tiresias?
Famous blind prophet from Thebes, guides Odysseus’s actions in the Land of the Dead.
36
What power was granted to Tiresias by the gods?
The ability to see the future.
37
What warnings did Tiresias give to Odysseus?
* Poseidon will cause trouble * Temptations related to Helios's cattle * The suitors in Ithaca.
38
What must Odysseus do if he survives, according to Tiresias?
Travel inland and make peace with Poseidon by offering a sacrifice.
39
Who is Circe?
Sourceress and goddess, daughter of Helios and Perse, lives on the island of Aeaea.
40
What happens to Odysseus's crew upon arriving at Aeaea?
Some crew members are turned into pigs by Circe.
41
How does Odysseus resist Circe's magic?
Using moly with help from Hermes.
42
What role does Circe play after turning Odysseus's men back?
She becomes Odysseus’s ally and lover.
43
What advice does Circe give to Odysseus after he stays on her island?
To travel to the underworld and consult Tiresias.
44
Who is Eurylochus?
A trusted but rebellious crew member of Odysseus.
45
What does Eurylochus do when he sees the crew turned into pigs?
He runs back to warn Odysseus.
46
What disastrous decision does Eurylochus convince the crew to make?
To eat the cattle on the island of Thrinacia.
47
What are the consequences of eating the cattle?
Destruction of their ship and the deaths of the entire crew.
48
Who is Scylla?
A six-headed, twelve tentacle-legged sea monster.
49
What strategy does Odysseus use regarding Scylla?
He doesn't warn his men to avoid panic.
50
How many of Odysseus's men does Scylla eat?
Six men.
51
Who is Eumaeus?
Odysseus’s loyal swineherd in Ithaca.
52
How does Eumaeus show loyalty to Odysseus?
He treats Odysseus kindly and helps fight off the suitors.
53
Who is Anticlea?
Odysseus’s mother, former queen of Ithaca.
54
What happens to Anticlea?
She dies of grief and longing for Odysseus.
55
Who is Eurycleia?
Odysseus’s loyal nurse.
56
What does Eurycleia recognize about Odysseus?
His scar on his leg.
57
What does Eurymachus try to do?
He tries to manipulate Penelope and mocks Odysseus.
58
What is the fate of Eurymachus?
He is killed after trying to attack Odysseus.
59
Who is Telemachus?
Son of Odysseus and Penelope.
60
What struggle does Telemachus face?
Pressure of ruling Ithaca and disrespect from suitors.
61
How does Athena assist Telemachus?
Disguised as a mentor, encouraging him to seek his father.
62
What does Telemachus do upon reuniting with Odysseus?
Helps plot revenge against the suitors.
63
Who are the suitors?
Noblemen invading Odysseus’s palace to marry Penelope.
64
What do the suitors do to Telemachus?
Mock and disrespect him.
65
What is the outcome for the suitors?
All die; Antinous is shot in the throat, Eurymachus is killed trying to bargain for his life.
66
Who is Antinous?
The most arrogant and cruel of the suitors.
67
What does Antinous do to Odysseus disguised as a beggar?
Insults him and throws a stool at him.
68
What is Amphinomus known for?
One of Penelope’s suitors who speaks against the worst actions of others.
69
What warning does Odysseus give to Amphinomus?
To leave before the suitors are punished.
70
What is the fate of Amphinomus?
Killed with a spear by Odysseus.
71
Who is Eurynome?
A loyal maid servant in Odysseus’s household.
72
What does Argus represent?
Unwavering loyalty.
73
What happens to Argus upon Odysseus's return?
He recognizes Odysseus and dies shortly after.
74
How is Argus found when Odysseus returns?
Neglected and old on a pile of poop.

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