THE NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OF THE ELEMENTS Flashcards
THE ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS
presented theory of an expanding universe (paper established in 1927)
If the universe were expanding, it would imply that it had a definite beginning in what he called the “primeval atom” or Big Bang
Georges Lemaitre
Radiation era
Plank epoch (0-10^-34 s, 10^40 K)
Four fundamental forces of nature (superforce) as a single unified force
- gravity
- strong nuclear
- weak nuclear
- electromagnetic
Radiation era
Grand unified epoch (10^-34 s, 10^35 K)
Grand unified theory
- strong nuclear
- weak nuclear
- electromagnetic
- gravity
Radiation era
Inflationary epoch (10^-36 s, 10^33 K)
- raid expansion of the universe
- electrons, quarks, and other particles
Radiation era
Electroweak epoch (10^-32 s, 10^20 K)
Forces of nature
- weak nuclear
- electromagnetic
- gravity
- strong nuclear
Radiation era
Quark epoch (10^-12 s, 10^16 K)
- all ingredients for universe is present
Radiation era
Hardon epoch (10^-6 s, 10^10 K)
- temperature cooled down, enough to form neutron and proton
Radiation era
Lepton epoch (1 s, 10^12 K) and Nuclear epoch (100 s, 10^9 K)
- Protons and neurons fused to create nuclei, creating the first stable element He
Matter era
Atomic epoch (50,000 years, 3000 K)
- recombination: electrons attached to nuclei
- created Hydrogen
Matter era
Galactic epoch (200M years)
- presence of atomic clouds
- small pockets of gas enough for gravity to cause atoms to collect
- cluster of atoms to galaxies
Matter era
Stellar epoch (3 billion years)
- stars began to form until present day universe
protons and neutrons combining to form deuterium nuclei (D) accompanied by the emission of high energy photons
two deuterium nuclei fusing to produce one nucleus of helium-3 (with two protons and one neutrons) and one free neutron
Elements with odd Z are less stable than their neighbors with even Z.
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