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British Empire > The Nile valley, 1882-98 > Flashcards

The Nile valley, 1882-98 Flashcards

1
Q

Egypt under Ottoman Control since…

A

1517

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2
Q

The Ottoman Empire was also known as…

A

“the sick man of Europe”

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3
Q

Why was the Ottoman Empire known as “the sick man of Europe”?

A

Ottoman Empire deteriorating

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4
Q

Why is the fact that the Ottoman Empire was deteriorating significant?

A

It leaves room for other foreign powers to assert their influence in the area, such as France and Britain

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5
Q

The Nile was the source of…

A

Egypt’s wealth (it is vital to agriculture, trade and business)

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6
Q

When was the Suez Canal built?

A

1869

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7
Q

Why does Britain have a financial stake in Egypt?

A

PM Disraeli purchased 44% shares of Suez Canal in 1875

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8
Q

PM Disraeli Suez Canal strategic quote

A

“The highway to our Indian empire”

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9
Q

What is the Suez Canal vital for?

A
  • trade
  • shipping
  • geopolitical advantage (over other foreign powers)
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10
Q

Suez Canal:
__% of passing cargo on British ships

A

80

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11
Q

Ottoman Empire was fading away which left a…

A

Power vacuum

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12
Q

The French are the main _____________

A

shareholders

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13
Q

Financial reasons for intervention in Egypt

A

Egypt bankrupt 1876 with debts of over 100 million

Bond holders vulnerable

37% Gladstone personal fortune invested in Egyptian loans - vested interests (a view taken by revisionist historians)

5% of total British exports to Egypt

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14
Q

Vested interests

A

A personal reason for involvement in an undertaking or situation (usually financial in nature)

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15
Q

Altruistic reasons for intervention in Egypt

A

Alexandria 1/5 European

11th June 1882 - tensions escalated into anti-christian riots

50 Europeans killed, 250 Egyptians killed

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16
Q

When did the British set sail for Alexandria?

A

20th May 1882

17
Q

What was the public reason for British intervention?

A

Altruistic reasons were the pretense that the British used in order to justify their intervention

18
Q

Why was Arabi Pasha mad?

A

The dual control that the British and the French set up in 1878 where they shared financial control of the area providing loans to the khedive but with stringent conditions (including economic reforms, salary cuts and imposition of taxes)

19
Q

What was Arabi Pasha part of?

A

A nationalist cabinet with him at its core filled with his supporters

20
Q

Arabi Pasha quote

A

Egypt for Egyptians

21
Q

What did Arabi Pasha become in Jan 1882?

A

The minister of War (shows his growing influence and shows that he is more of a threat as he is holding more dominance over the khedive)

22
Q

“Gambetta Note” Jan 1882

A

A warning that the Khedive’s authority should be preserved - a prelude to military intervention (a warning)

23
Q

Long-term factors for the invasion of Egypt

A
  • Strategic importance
  • Financial interests
  • Trade
24
Q

Short-term factors for the invasion of Egypt

A
  • Riots in Alexandria
  • Arabi Pasha and nationalism
25
Q

Broken promises of leaving __ times in __ years

A

66
32

26
Q

The British had dominance in…

A

the administration of Egypt

27
Q

The character of Sir Evelyn Baring

A

Paternalistic
Patriotic
Imperialist (“classical example of a late Victorian imperialist”)
Self-assured

28
Q

How did Sir Evelyn Baring view native Egyptians?

A

Inferior

29
Q

The aims of Sir Evelyn Baring

A
  • fundamental changes in agricultural infrastructure
  • reform administrative system and implement financial controls
  • secure British financial footing for British interests
30
Q

Baring focused on agriculture - what shows this?

A

8% government revenue on agriculture

Spent £1 million on irrigation

31
Q

The successes of Baring were highly limited by…

A

funding problems - Baring had to deal with the financial instability in Egypt which meant that more money went towards debt than funding his agricultural reform

(50% of tax revenue spent on debt repayments)

32
Q

When did Baring achieve solvency?

A

1887

33
Q

Baring believed that if Egyptians developed too much intellectually, this would destabilise society - in what reforms is this prevalent?

A

Refused to fund secondary education
Raised tuition fees in primary schools

34
Q

The Egyptian peasant class is known as…

A

Fellahin, singular Fellah

35
Q

Why were the Fellahin upset with Baring’s reforms?

A

Limits to class mobility

Higher tax burden than large landowners

(he alienated the peasant classes which led to rising nationalist sentiment)

British Empire (8 decks)

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