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PSY 30250 > The Neuroscience of Sleep > Flashcards

The Neuroscience of Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What does sleep pressure turn into?

A

Sleep debt

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2
Q

What are the two main types of sleep?

A

REM and SWS

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3
Q

What is REM?

A

Sleep cycle that occurs in 90 min cycles and alternates with 4 additional (NREM) stages and looks a lot like wakefulness with emotional processing

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4
Q

What is SWS?

A

The deepest NREM cycle that is important for memory consolidation and usually occurs in the beginning of the night

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5
Q

What kind of oscillations in SWS?

A

Low frequency oscillations

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6
Q

What neurotransmitters are important for sleep cycles?

A

Serotonine (5-HT) norephinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (Ach), and cortisol

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7
Q

What NTs are involved in SWS?

A

Serotonin (5-HT) and Norepinephrine (NE)

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8
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Fast spurts of activity that help us to know that someone is asleep

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9
Q

What are k-complexes?

A

Large peaks in brain waves that help us to know that someone is alseep

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10
Q

In what stage do sleep spindles and k-complexes occur?

A

Stage 2

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11
Q

Which sleep stage is important for implicit or procedural memories?

A

REM

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12
Q

Which sleep stage is important for explicit memories?

A

SWS

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13
Q

How does SWS help episodic memory?

A

Undergo initial consolidation in short time frame

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14
Q

What brain structure do emotional memories rely on?

A

The amygdala

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15
Q

Difference between remember and know?

A

Remember: recollection of context, Know: familiarity

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16
Q

What does sleep do to memories?

A

Consolidation - Transforms into representations that can be more useful than literal representation or experience

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17
Q

Where does sleep increase activity/connections?

A

Between amygdala and ventromedial PF cortex and the HC

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18
Q

Do all kinds of memories rely on all sleep stages?

A

Yes, there is an oversimplification and sleep stage dependency may depend on other aspects of the task

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19
Q

Evidence for neurophysical and neurochemical sleep stages not being perfect

A

Electrophysiological events overlap sleep stages w/o perfect correlation

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20
Q

What sleep stage does cortisol peak with?

A

REM

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21
Q

What does the elevation of cortisol impair?

A

Episodic memory

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22
Q

What kind of memory is REM linked with?

A

Procedural/implicit memories and emotional episodic memories

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23
Q

What kind of memory is SWS linked with?

A

Episodic memory

24
Q

What stage do delta waves occur in?

A

SWS

25
Q

What is process S?

A

Building sleep pressure

26
Q

What is process C?

A

Fighting process S

27
Q

What is delayed phased sleep syndrome?

A

Not being able to sleep until late at night

28
Q

How does a coma differ from sleep?

A

There is no structure in the brain waves

29
Q

What is sleep a collection of?

A

Completely different, active brain states

30
Q

What sleep stage is best for napping?

A

Stage 2 NREM

31
Q

What do the brain waves in REM look like?

A

Looks like stage 1/ active wakefulness

32
Q

When is acetylcholine (ACh) present?

A

Active wakefulness, quiet wakefulness, REM

33
Q

When is norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) present?

A

Active wakefulness, quiet wakefulness, and SWS

34
Q

What brain areas are active in REM sleep?

A

Parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate

35
Q

What does the amygdala do in REM sleep?

A

Stress and fear emotion to remember negative situations

36
Q

What does the anterior cingulate do during REM?

A

Regulates the amygdala

37
Q

What structure is completely turned off during REM?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, allowing for creative dreams

38
Q

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?

A

It is responsible for rational thought

39
Q

What brain structures interact during SWS?

A

Hippocampus and neocortex

40
Q

Results of the finger tapping skill?

A

Typing of numeric sequence improved 10% more when sleep occurred compared to those who stayed awake

41
Q

What is the finger tapping task?

A

Tapping of numeric sequence with fingers (4-1-3-4-2)

42
Q

What is the selective consolidation benefit?

A

Doing one thing particularly well that improves with sleep

43
Q

What does sleep focus on from an emotional standpoint?

A

The negative parts at the expense of background information

44
Q

What are creative intrusions?

A

Thinking of creative random words in list after sleeping

45
Q

Who is Friedrish Kekule and what did he do?

A

He had a creative intrusion while sleeping about the snake biting its own tail to have an insight about benzene

46
Q

Who is Otto Loewi and what did he do?

A

Had a creative intrusion about chemical transmission that led to a nobel prize.

47
Q

What is transitive inference?

A

Being able to infer a pattern with premise pairs or the strange number pattern

48
Q

When did transitive inference remarkably improve?

A

With sleep

49
Q

What is the remote associates test?

A

Being able to find a word that goes with each of the words in a list

50
Q

Which sleep stage improved the remote associates test?

A

REM

51
Q

What does positive emotion do to insight?

A

Increase performance significantly

52
Q

Can sleep help with normalizing mood?

A

Yes, emotional episodic memory correlates with REM because of the suppression of the amygdala

53
Q

What happens to the amygdala when sleep deprived?

A

Hyperactivated which leads to negative memory

54
Q

What does sleep do to connectivity in emotional memory retrieval network during retrieval of emotional objects?

A

Strengthens connectivity

55
Q

Where does REM sleep occur in the night?

A

Second half of the night

PSY 30250 (4 decks)

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