The Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Systems Flashcards
0
Q
What is the anaerobic energy system?
A
- short duration exercise
- stop and start exercise
- produces ATP when there is not enough oxygen present in your muscles to produce the energy required for high intensity activities
- two systems: ATP CP and Anaerobic Glycolysis
1
Q
What is the aerobic energy system?
A
- used for long duration or endurance exercises
- uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
- produces ATP when there is enough oxygen present in your muscles
- low to moderate physical activities
- most often used
- most important
- daily activities
2
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
- to provide support to the internal organs
- to provide protection for the internal organs
- to allow accurate movement of muscles by giving rigidity
- to supply blood to the body as both red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
3
Q
What are the main functions of the skeleton?
A
Support
Movement
Blood cell formation
Storage of minerals
4
Q
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
A
Skull
Spine
Thorax
5
Q
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
A
Pelvic girdle
Shoulder girdles
Limbs
9
Q
What are the sections of the spine in descending order?
A
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
10
Q
The cervical vertebrate has how many bones and what are there functions? What are two bones in particular?
A
7 vertebrate
Support the skull and allow pivot in the neck.
The atlas C1 and the axis C2
11
Q
The thoracic vertebrate has how many bones and what are there functions?
A
12 vertebrate
Connect to ribs
Limited movement
Form a protective shield for the heart and lungs
12
Q
The lumbar vertebrate has how many bones and what are there functions?
A
5 vertebrate
Vertebrate are larger
Bears most of the body’s weight
Large attachment site for muscles
13
Q
The sacrum vertebrate has how many bones and what are there functions?
A
5 vertebrate fused together
Fits between the hip bones
Connects the spine to the pelvis
14
Q
The coccyx vertebrate has how many bones and what are there functions?
A
4 vertebrate fused
Tailbone
Important site of attachment for muscles
15
Q
What are the different types of joints? What type of movement do the provide and what are some examples?
A
Fixed or fibrous- no movement- skull, pelvis
Cartilaginous- slight movement- ribs attaching to sternum
Synovial- free movement- hip and knee joints
16
Q
How many synovial joints are there and what are the different types?
A
6 Hinge Condyloid Saddle Pivot Gliding Ball and socket
17
Q
Give examples of all of the synovial joints.
A
Hinge- knee and elbow joints Condyloid- carpals/tarsals Saddle- thumb joint Pivot- atlas and axis Gliding- wrist Ball and socket- hip and shoulder joints
18
Q
What is a pivot joint?
A
One bone rotates around another
19
Q
What is a gliding joint?
A
Flat bones that glide past each other.
20
Q
What is a ball and socket joint?
A
A rounded bone head articulates with a cup-shaped cavity.
21
Q
What is a hinge joint?
A
Acts like a door hinge.
22
Q
What is a saddle joint?
A
A concave and convex bone surfaces align.
23
Q
What is a condyloid joint?
A
Very similar to a hinge joint but also allows slight rotation.
28
Q
What is cartilage? What is it’s function?
A
A smooth slightly elastic tissue that is found covering the ends of bones in the most synovial joints.
It provides shock absorption.
29
Q
What does the hyaline cartilage do?
A
Protects the bone and decreases friction.
30
Q
What does the joint capsule do?
A
Surrounds and stabilises joint
31
What does the synovial fluid do?
Lubricates the joint
32
What does the synovial membrane do?
Secretes synovial fluid
33
What is a tendon? What is it's function?
Very strong and rigid, and allow for free movement of joints.
Connect muscle to bone.
34
What is a ligament? What is it's function?
Slightly elastic providing stability however only allow minimal movement at joints.
Connect bone to bone (across joints).
37
What does uniaxial mean?
Only allowing movement in one plane. Eg: up down or left right
38
Which joints are considered uniaxial?
Pivot
| Hinge
40
Superior
Closer to the head than any other part of the body.
41
Inferior
Closer to the feet than any other part of the body.
42
Anterior/ventral
Towards the front of the body
43
Posterior/dorsal
Towards the back of the body
44
Medial
Towards the imaginary midline of the body
45
Lateral
Away from the imaginary midline of the body
46
Proximal
A body part closer to it's attachment point than another
47
Distal
A body part further away from the point of attachment than another
48
Superficial
A body part closer to the surface of the body than another
49
Deep
A body part that is internal or further from the surface of the body than another
50
Palmar
The palm side of the hand
51
Plantar
The sole side of the foot
52
Median/Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right sections
53
Transverse Plane
Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior sections.
54
Coronal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
55
How many and what are all of the different types of movements?
```
12
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Addiction
Rotation
Circumduction
Pronation
Supination
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Inversion
Eversion
```
56
Flexion
The angle between articulating bones is decreased.
| Median plane about the horizontal axis.
57
Extension
The angle of the joint is increased.
| Median plane about the horizontal axis.
58
Abduction
This is movement of a body part away from an imaginary midline of the body.
Coronal plane
59
Adduction
This is a movement of a body part towards an imaginary midline of the body.
Coronal and transverse planes
60
Rotation
When a bone turns on it's own axis within a joint.
Towards the midline= median/internal rotation
Away from the midline= lateral/external rotation
61
How many skeletal muscles in the body?
Over 660 skeletal muscles
62
What is the role of the muscular system?
To allow the body to move in order to participate in everyday activities and physical activity.
63
What are the two types of muscles?
Involuntary- work automatically
| Voluntary- have control over
64
What are the three types of muscles?
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
65
Skeletal muscles
External muscles that are attached to bone that make up the skeleton.
Voluntary muscles
Made up of striated cells
Striped in appearance
66
Smooth muscles
Internal in blood vessels and walls of the intestines.
Involuntary muscles
Made up of spindle cells
Smooth in appearance
67
Cardiac muscles
Make up the walls of the heart
Involuntary muscles
Striped appearance
68
The belly
Is the bulk of the muscle
69
Explain the agonist antagonist relationship.
The muscle primarily responsible for movement is known as the agonist.
Agonist contracts=shortens
The agonists' opposite muscle must lengthen and is therefore known as the antagonist because of its opposite action.
70
Explain reciprocal inhibition
When muscles on one side of a bone or joint relax to accommodate contraction on the other side of the bone or joint.
71
What are stabilisers or fixator muscles?
Stabilises are muscles that act to stabilise the bone where the prime mover is acting, to allow efficiency of movement and maximal contractile force to be developed if required.
72
What are the types of muscle fibre arrangements?
Fusiform
| Penniform
73
Fusiform
Fusiform muscle fibres run the the SAME direction as the TENDON (longitudinally).
There are very few of these muscle fibres.
They produce LOW FORCE but can SHORTEN over a LARGE RANGE.
74
Penniform
Penniform muscle fibres run at ANGLES to the TENDON.
They make up 75% of the skeletal muscles.
Produce GREAT FORCE
Muscles with greater pennation (the greater the angle) are SLOWER than fusiform muscles and those with less pennation, but they generate GREATER FORCE and power because a greater number of fibres contributes to muscle action.
75
What is pennation?
It is where the muscle has fascicles or fibres that attach obliquely (at angles) to the tendon.
76
What does pennation allow?
It allows more fibres to be packed into a muscle thus the amount of force is increased.
77
Unipennate
Muscle fibres only branch out to one side of the tendon.
78
Bipennate
Muscle fibres branch out to both sides of the central tendon.
79
Multipennate
Muscle fibres brach out repeatedly from a number of tendons.
80
What does the muscle belly contain?
Muscle fibres known as fascicles.
81
What surrounds the fascicles, deep to superficially?
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
82
Endomysium
Inbetween fibres inside the fascicles.
83
Perimysium
Encases the fascicles
84
Epimysium
Surrounds and is in between the muscle fascicles
85
What do muscle fascicles contain?
Muscle fibres
86
What do the muscle fibre contain?
Myofibrils
87
What are myofibrils?
Myofibrils are the part of the muscle fibre encasing the actin and myosin filaments.
88
What do the myofibrils contain?
Sarcomeres
89
What are sarcomeres?
A basic unit of striated muscle which causes it to contract
90
What is a motor unit made up of?
A motor neurone and the fibres it controls/stimulates.
91
What or where is the neuromuscular junction?
Where the nerve (dendrites) and muscle connects.
92
Explain the all or nothing principle.
When the electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold, all of the fibres of that motor unit will contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible.
However until the threshold is reached or surpassed, none of the fibres will contract.
93
In a resting muscle...
- Here are few or no electrical impulses reaching the muscle
- There are Ca2+ ions within the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- ATP is stored, not broken down
94
During contraction of a muscle...
- Nerve impulses travel along axons to the axon end plate
- Acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft to myofibril
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
- ATP is broken down and energy is released causing cross-bridges to shorten
- Actin is pulled and slides over myosin and the muscle shortens or contracts
95
On relaxation of a muscle...
- The nerve impulse stops
- Ca2+ ions are taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Myosin cross-bridges are broken down and actin returns to resting state
- The muscle relaxes
96
What are the types of muscle contractions?
Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic
97
Isotonic contraction
Occurs whenever the muscle length changes through a range of motion or action.
When a constant weight is being moved, differences exist in the amount of force applied at various joint angles.
Concentric
Eccentric
Eg: bicep curl using a barbel
98
Concentric
When you use the muscle it contracts by shortening
| Eg: upwards phase of a bicep curl using a barbel during elbow flexion
99
Eccentric
When you use the muscle it contracts by lengthening
| Eg: downwards phase of a bicep curl using a barbel during elbow extension
100
Isometric contraction
Occurs when tension is developed but no change results in the length of the muscles.
Eg: gripping a tennis racket
101
Isokinetic contraction
Tension is developed maximally throughout the entire range of motion and is common on hydraulic fitness equipment.
102
What are the two types of muscle fibres?
Fast and slow twitch
103
Slow twitch muscle fibres
```
Red fibres
Best suited to aerobic work
Endurance work
Type 1 fibres
Eg: triathlons, marathons, cross-country
```
Slow to fatigue and are recruited for endurance type activities where submaximal efforts occur repeatedly over a long period of time.
104
Fast twitch muscle fibres
```
White fibres
Best suited to anaerobic work
Bursts of power and speed
Type 2 fibres: A (partially aerobic) and B (partially anaerobic)
Eg: sprint, 50m swim
```
Tire quickly due to rapid due to rapid build up of metabolic by-products that cause fatigue.
105
The type of muscles fibres you have are determined by what?
Your genetics
106
Can slow twitch fibres be converted to fast twitch fibres?
No
107
Can slow twitch fibres be converted to fast twitch fibres?
No
108
What can happen to fast or slow twitch fibres?
Fast twitch fibres can take on slow twitch fibre characteristics with aerobic and endurance training.
109
What are the characteristics a twitch fibre can have?
```
Oxidative enzymes
Myoglobin content
Glycolytic capacity
Capillary density
Mitochondria density
Myosin ATPase
Fatigue resistance
```
110
```
What level of these characteristics do Type B Fast Twitch Fibres posses?
Oxidative enzymes
Myoglobin content
Glycolytic capacity
Capillary density
Mitochondria density
Myosin ATPase
Fatigue resistance
```
```
Oxidative enzymes- low
Myoglobin content- low
Glycolytic capacity- high
Capillary density- low
Mitochondria density- low
Myosin ATPase- high
Fatigue resistance- low
Contraction speed- high
```
111
```
What level of these characteristics do Type A Fast Twitch Fibres posses?Oxidative enzymes
Myoglobin content
Glycolytic capacity
Capillary density
Mitochondria density
Myosin ATPase
Fatigue resistance
```
```
Oxidative enzymes- medium
Myoglobin content- medium
Glycolytic capacity- high
Capillary density- medium
Mitochondria density- medium
Myosin ATPase- high
Fatigue resistance- medium/low
Contraction speed- moderate
```
112
```
What level of these characteristics do Slow Twitch Fibres posses?
Oxidative enzymes
Myoglobin content
Glycolytic capacity
Capillary density
Mitochondria density
Myosin ATPase
Fatigue resistance
```
```
Oxidative enzymes- high
Myoglobin content- high
Glycolytic capacity- low
Capillary density- high
Mitochondria density- high
Myosin ATPase- low
Fatigue resistance- high
Contraction speed- slow
```
113
High capillary density
Supplies large amounts of blood and oxygen to working muscles
114
High mitochondria density and oxidative enzymes
Releasing large amounts of energy under aerobic conditions
115
High Glycolytic capacity
The preferred fuel during near maximal efforts calling upon the lactic acid system
116
High Glycolytic enzymes
Speed up glycogen breakdown during high intensity efforts lasting beyond 10 seconds
117
Fibre recruitment theory
Slow twitch fibres are recruited before fast twitch motor units in most activities.
As muscular forces increase, so does the pattern of recruitment fibres
118
What is preferential recruitment?
Fibres will be recruited according to the activity demand.
High intensity= fast twitch
Lower intensity= slow twitch
119
Motor unit recruitment
Gross movements requiring major muscle involvement require more motor units than precise/fine movements.
120
What are all of the factor affecting muscle strength?
```
Fibre arrangement
Muscle fibre recruitment
Muscle fibre type
Speed of contraction
Gender differences
Age differences
```
121
Fibre arrangement
Multipennate muscles are stronger than biennale and uni pennate muscles; fusiform muscles can develop the least strength.
122
Muscle fibre recruitment
When maximal force is required, the fibres in all motor units must be recruited.
123
Muscle fibre type
Fast twitch fibres are able to generate greater strength than slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch B fibres are stronger than faster twitch A fibres.
124
Speed of contraction
Multipennate muscles tend to have the smallest range of movement and contraction speed, but are able to develop the greatest strength.
As the speed of contraction increases, the amount of force a muscle can generate proportionally decreases.
125
Gender differences
Female and male muscles of the same cross-sectional area are equally strong. However, female muscles generally have smaller cross-sectional areas than male muscles and so are about 2/3 as strong.
126
Age differences
Muscles tend to be again their strongest between the ages of 20-30 and progressively deteriorate by about 1% every year after this.
This is because protein synthesis is less.
127
Circumduction
When a limb moves in a circular fashion and flexion, extension, abduction and adduction are required.
Generally only possible at ball and socket joints
Median and coronal planes.
128
Pronation
When the forearm is rotated while the palm of the hand faces down.
Radius and the ulna are crossed over each other.
129
Supination
When the forearm is rotated, turning from hand palm down to palm up.
Radius and ulna lie parallel to each other.
130
Plantarflexion
Occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointed downwards and the heel is raised.
Median plane about a horizontal axis.
131
Dorsiflexion
Occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointed towards the tibia and are higher than the heel.
Median plane about a horizontal axis.
132
Inversion
When the sole of the foot is turned inwards towards the imaginary midline of the body.
Coronal plane.
133
Eversion
When the sole of the foot is turned outwards from the imaginary midline of the body.
Coronal plane.
134
Which joints are considered biaxial?
Gliding
Saddle
Condyloid
135
What does biaxial mean?
Allowing movement in two planes. Eg: up down and left right
142
What is it that surrounds a joint and what does it contain?
```
Synovial Capsule
Contains
-hyaline cartilage
-synovial membrane
-fibrous capsule
```
