The Neurobiology of SU, Misuse, and Addiction

Question 1

As individuals continue to misuse alcohol or other substances, progressive changes, called ________ occur in the structure and function of the brain.

Answer 1

Neuroadaptations

Question 2

The nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum are 2 sub-regions of the __________ _________.

Answer 2

Basal ganglia

Question 3

Which is the process by which presentation of a stimulus such as a drug increases the probability of a response like drug taking?

Answer 3

Positive Reinforcement

Question 4

A person learns to associate the stimuli present while using a substance. Over time, these stimuli can activate the dopamine system on their own and trigger powerful urges to take the substance. These “wanting” urges are called ______ _______.

Answer 4

Incentive Salience

Question 5

Habit formation involves the release of -

Answer 5

Dopamine and Glutamate

Question 6

Craving involves the _______ ______.

Answer 6

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 7

To help explain how the prefrontal cortex is involved in addiction, some scientists divide the functions of this brain region into a _____ and ______ system.

Answer 7

Go, Stop

Question 8

Studies show that diminished prefrontal cortex control over the extended amygdala is particularly prominent in humans with ______.

Answer 8

PTSD

Question 9

Clinical reports suggest that women who use cocaine, opioids, or alcohol progress from initial use to a disorder at a faster rate than do men - a phenomenon called ________.

Answer 9

Telescoping