The neural control of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

How is breathing initiated?

A

→ Neural activation of respiratory muscles which provide the movement required for ventilation

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2
Q

What do respiratory muscles consist of?

A

→ Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What do respiratory muscles require to contract?

A

→Neural inputs/stimulation to contract

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4
Q

What provides the contractile signal?

A

→ Innervation from motor neurons synapsing from descending spinal tracts

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5
Q

Which muscles (including accessory muscles) are utilised in quiet/ forced inspiration and expiration?

A

INSPIRATION:
→quiet breathing: diaphragm

→increased/ forced ventilation: external intercostal muscles (pectorals, sternomastoid and scalene muscles as accessories)

EXPIRATION:
→quiet breathing: elastic recoil

→increased/ forced ventilation: elastic recoil and internal intercostal muscles (abdominal muscles as accessories)

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6
Q

How are basic breathing patterns generated?

A

→ By neuronal systems within the brainstem

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7
Q

What is the PRG?

A

→ Pontine respiratory group

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8
Q

What is the DRG?

A

→ Dorsal respiratory group

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9
Q

What is the VRG?

A

→ Ventral respiratory group

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10
Q

What are the signals that the CPG receives?

A

→ pH of arterial blood
→ Amount of CO2 and O2 in arterial blood
→Current lung volume
→ How stretched the lungs are
→ The CPG integrates data from these various neuronal inputs to regulate ventilation

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11
Q

What does the CPG do with these signals?

A

→ Integrates data from these neuronal inputs to regulate ventilation

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12
Q

Where are the CRC (central chemoreceptors) found?

A

→ In the medulla

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13
Q

What do CRC do?

A

→ Indirectly monitors changes in arterial CO2

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14
Q

Why doesn’t the CRC directly respond to changes in blood pH?

A

→ Responds to changes in H+ within the cerebrospinal fluid

→ H+ cannot cross the blood brain barrier so CRC cannot directly respond to changes in pH

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15
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

→ In the aortic body

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16
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

→ Changes in blood oxygen and CO2, but not pH

17
Q

What is the hypoxic drive?

A

→Increased ventilation in response to decreased PaO2

18
Q

What is sleep apnoea?

A

→ temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

19
Q

What are 4 causes of sleep apnoea?

A

→ Stroke
→ Drugs
→ Central hypoventilation syndrome
→ Altitude

20
Q

What are the 3 categories of sleep apnoea?

A

→ Central
→ Obstructive
→ Mixed

21
Q

What is Cheyne- stokes respiration?

A

→ Oscillating hyperpnoea and apnoea

22
Q

How does Cheyne-stokes respiration occur?

A

→ Apnoea causes compensatory hyperventilation

→ Hyperventilation overcompensates producing hypocapnia

23
Q

Why is it impossible to asphyxiate yourself?

A

→ Urge to breathe caused by excess CO2 will be overpowering

→ Acute hypoxaemia results in loss of consciousness ( involuntary breathing begings)