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LS1 Histology > The Nervous System (rest look at Callum ESA 1) > Flashcards

The Nervous System (rest look at Callum ESA 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the function of astrocytes?

A
  1. Part of the blood brain barrier
  2. Found in the CNS
  3. Assist in transfer of nutrients and waste between the neurone and blood
  4. Phagocytic functions
  5. Physical support for neurones
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2
Q

What is the function of the CNS neuroglial cell, Epndyma?

A

Line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord for circulation of CSF

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3
Q

What are the only cells in the CNS which fullfill an immune function if the blood-brain barrier is overcome?

A

Microglia

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4
Q

Where is the cell nucleus of neurones found?

A

Centrally. Displaced nuclei to periphery of cell body can be due to injury

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5
Q

What makes up the grey matter of the nervous system?

A

Collections of cell bodies

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6
Q

What are collections of cell bodies in the peritheral nervous system called?

A

ganglia

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7
Q

Where is the internodal membrane found?

A

Between nodes of Ranvier under the myelin sheath

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8
Q

What is the difference between thin and thick myelinated axons?

A

Their degree of myelination

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9
Q

Which myelinated axons are affected in MS?

A

CNS - brain and spinal chord

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10
Q

Under what diameter, do axons conduct faster unmyelinated?

A

Under 1um

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11
Q

A node of ranvier is a gap between which two cells?

A

Two Schwann cells

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12
Q

What is a nerve fascicle?

A

A collection of axons of neurones with a common origin and destination

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13
Q

What is the neurolemma?

A

The outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.

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14
Q

What make up the white matter of the nervous system?

A

Collections of axons

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15
Q

What is the role of interfasicular epineurium?

A

Connective tissue which attaches adjacent nerve fascicles

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16
Q

What is the name of membranous envelopes of fibre tracts in the CNS?

A

Meninges, which are continuous with the coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Name the three membranes that make up the meninges from deep to superficial

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

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18
Q

How does a neurone react to it axon being severed?

A
  1. Proximal segment seal up -> nerve stump

2. Distal segment cut off from nutritional support->dies (Wallerian degeneration)

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19
Q

What happens to the proximal segment when an axon is severed?

A
  1. Proximal segment seals up the damage to prevent leakage of cell contents
  2. Its cell body puffs up with increased contents
  3. Nucleus is displaced from central to peritheral postion (chromatolysis)
  4. Axon usually regrows but doesn’t necessarily reinnervate the same target (Wallerian regeneration)
20
Q

What is the name of the structure that carries impulses away from the neurone cell body?

A

Axon

21
Q

What is the name of the structure that carries impulses towards the neurone cell body?

A

Dendrite

22
Q

Define an afferent neurone

A

Neurone that carries signals from periphery to the CNS (sensory neurone)

23
Q

Define an efferent neurone

A

Neurone that carries signals from the brain or spinal chord to the periphery (motor neurone) or autonomic neurone

24
Q

Define a pre-ganglionic neurone

A

Neurone immediately proximal to the ganglion

25
Q

Define a post-ganglionic neurone

A

Neurone immediately distal to the ganglion

26
Q

Define effector

A

Target organ through which the nervous system exerts its actions

27
Q

What relation does the CNS and PNS have to each other?

A

They are a continuation of the same cell and therefore are dependent on each other.
Locked-in syndrom occurs when the CNS is functional but the PNS is not

28
Q

What are some characteristics of the CNS?

A

Encasement by cranium and vertebral column
Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid and mening
Responsible for the sophisticated functions of the nervous system

29
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

30
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerve axons are there?

A

31 pairs

31
Q

How many pairs of autonomic ganglia are there?

A

25 pairs

32
Q

How many pairs of sensory ganglia are there?

A

31 pairs

33
Q

What is the PNS?

A

The nervous system outside the central nervous system which connects it to its target organs or sensory organs. It relies on the integrity of the central nervous system

34
Q

Describe two anatomical categories of the CNS

A

CNS and PNS

35
Q

Describe two categories of the NS based on signal direction

A

afferent and efferent

36
Q

Describe two functional categories of the NS

A

autonomic and somatic

37
Q

How many neurones carry the output in the somatic NS?

A

1 neurone from brain/spine -> effector organ

38
Q

What are the two opposing systems in the ANS which maintain a constant internal environment by a changing continuous output?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

39
Q

In the ANS there is always two neurones in a series. Where are the cell bodies of each neurone located?

A

Preganglion neurone - CNS cell body

Postganglion neurone - PNS (in ganglion)

40
Q

Predominant ANS tone is determined by what?

A

The balance of SNS and PNS outputs

41
Q

Give an example of an effector which receives only sympathetic innervation from the ANS?

A

Sweat glands

42
Q

If the ANS tone is imbalanced to the bladder what can happen?

A

Retention - if sympathetic output predominant

Constant trickling - if parasympathetic output predominant

43
Q

What is a clinical implication of overactivity of the PNS e.g. by infection?

A

Over-activity -> dilated blood vessels over time which can lead to shortage of substrate to the brain -> faint/collapse

44
Q

What can be the clinical consequences of overactivity of the SNS?

A

Over-activity -> constriction of blood vessels -> shortage of substrates to tissues of the body -> frostbite etc…

45
Q

Which sympathetic nerves do not synapse in the paravertebral chain?

A

Splanchnic nerves that supply the gut

46
Q

Where are parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurones located?

A

In the walls of the effector organs (long preganglion neurones and short post-ganglionic ones)

47
Q

Why do spinal patients end up with autonomic dysfunction?

A

Damage to the thoraco-lumbar outflow or cranio-sacral outflow disrupts sympathetic or parasympathetic function, disturbing the balance between these two opposing systems and causing autonomic dysfunction

LS1 Histology (13 decks)

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