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The Nervous System and Behavioral Disorders (Chapter 17) > The Nervous System and Behavioral Disorders : Key Terms > Flashcards

The Nervous System and Behavioral Disorders : Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

arachnoid mater

A

the middle layer of the meninges ; resembles a spider web

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2
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

the division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system

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3
Q

axon

A

the fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

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4
Q

brain

A

the nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum

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5
Q

brainstem

A

the part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongota

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6
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System: the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

cerebellum

A

the posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture; little brain

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8
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter

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9
Q

cerebrum

A

The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

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10
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid: the watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection

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11
Q

cranial nerves

A

the 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain

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12
Q

dendrite

A

a fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body

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13
Q

diencephalon

A

the part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem

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14
Q

dura mater

A

the strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges

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15
Q

efferent

A

carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS

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16
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

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17
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated tissues of the nervous system

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18
Q

gyrus

A

a raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum; plural: gyri

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis

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20
Q

interneuron

A

any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS

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21
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure; often called simply medulla

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22
Q

meninges

A

the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

midbrain

A

the part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision or hearing

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24
Q

motor

A

producing movement; describes efferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS

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25
Q

myelin

A

a whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system

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26
Q

neuroglia

A

the support cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells

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27
Q

neuron

A

the basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell

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28
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that transmits energy across a synapse. Examples are norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine

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29
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS

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30
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the automatic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis. It slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities.

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31
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system: the portion of the nervous system outside the CNS

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32
Q

pia mater

A

the innermost layer of the meninges

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33
Q

pons

A

a rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect brain regions; adjective: pontine

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34
Q

reflex

A

a simple, rapid and automatic response to a stimulus

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35
Q

root

A

a branch of a spinal nerve that connects to the spinal cord; the dorsal (posterior) root joins the spinal cord’s dorsal gray horn; the ventral ( anterior) root joins the spinal cord’s ventral gray horn

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36
Q

sensory

A

pertaining to the senses or sensation; describing afferent neurons and nerve that carry impulses toward the CNS

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37
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles

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38
Q

spinal cord

A

the nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongota to the second lumbar vertebra

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39
Q

spinal nerves

A

the 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord

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40
Q

sulcus

A

a shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum; plural: sulci

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41
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles

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42
Q

synapse

A

the junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland

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43
Q

thalamus

A

the part of the brain hat receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex

44
Q

tract

A

a bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS

45
Q

ventricle

A

a small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is formed

46
Q

visceral nervous system

A

the autonomic nervous system

47
Q

white matter

A

myelinated tissue of the nervous system

48
Q

afferent

A

carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS

49
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

A

a form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia

50
Q

amyloid

A

a starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases

51
Q

aneurysm

A

a localized abnormal dilation of blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst

52
Q

aphasia

A

specifically, loss or defect in speech communication. Applied more broadly to a range of language disorders, both spoken or written. May affect ability to understand speech (receptive aphasia) or the ability to produce speech (expressive aphasia). Both forms are combined in global aphasia

53
Q

astrocytoma

A

a neuroglial tumor composed of astrocytes

54
Q

cerebral contusion

A

a bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head

55
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; aka stroke

56
Q

coma

A

state of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused

57
Q

concussion

A

injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a brain concussion usually results in loss of consciousness

58
Q

confusion

A

a state of reduced comprehension, coherence and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli

59
Q

contrecoup onjury

A

damage to the brain on the side opposite of the point of blow as a results of the brain’s hitting the skull

60
Q

convulsion

A

a series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions. A tonic convulsion involves prolonged muscle contractions; in a clonic convulsion, there is alternation of contraction and relaxation. Both appear in grand mal epilepsy

61
Q

dementia

A

a gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function

62
Q

embolism

A

obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material carried in circulation

63
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

64
Q

epidural hematoma

A

accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura mater and the skull)

65
Q

epilepsy

A

a chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures

66
Q

glioma

A

a tumor of the neuroglial cells

67
Q

hemiparesis

A

partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body

68
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body

69
Q

hydrocephalus

A

increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow. May be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, congenital abnormality.

70
Q

insomnia

A

insufficient or non restorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep

71
Q

meningioma

A

tumor of the meninges

72
Q

multiinfarct dementia (MID)

A

dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply) as a result of multiple small strokes. There is progressive loss of cognitive function, memory and judgment as well as altered motor and sensory function.

73
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis: a chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS

74
Q

narcolepsy

A

brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day

75
Q

neurilemmoma

A

a tumor of a peripheral nerve sheath (neurilemma); schwannoma

76
Q

paralysis

A

temporary or permanent loss of function. Flaccid paralysis involves loss of muscle tone and reflexes and muscular degeneration. Spastic paralysis involves excess muscle tone and reflexes but no degeneration.

77
Q

parkinsonism

A

a disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face. Aka Parkinson’s disease

78
Q

seizure

A

a sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy. Most common forms are tonic-clonic or gland mal; absence seizures or petit mal, and psychomotor seizure

79
Q

shingles

A

an acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small lesions on the skin. Caused by reactivation of the virus that also causes chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus). Aka herpes zoster

80
Q

sleep apnea

A

brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep

81
Q

stroke

A

sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue; caused by a clot in a vessel (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a vessel (hemorrhage stroke); CVA

82
Q

subdural hematoma

A

accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater

83
Q

thrombosis

A

development of a blood clot within a vessel

84
Q

termor

A

a shaking or involuntary movement

85
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain

86
Q

cerebral angiography

A

radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

87
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electrical activity

88
Q

L-dopa

A

a drug used in the tx of parkinsonism, levodopa

89
Q

lumbar puncture

A

puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for dx or to inject anesthesia; spinal tap

90
Q

polysomnography

A

simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions during sleep to dx sleep disorders

91
Q

anxiety

A

a feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness or dread

92
Q

Asperger syndrome

A

a behavioral condition on a continuum with autism that may include difficulty with social interactions and understanding, strong specific interests, and repetitive behaviors

93
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior and hyperactivity

94
Q

autism

A

a disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection, preoccupations, stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change

95
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness

96
Q

delusion

A

a false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience

97
Q

depression

A

a mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities

98
Q

dysthymia

A

a mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a serious life event

99
Q

hallucination

A

a false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli

100
Q

mania

A

a state of elation which may include agitation, hyper excitability, or hyperactivity

101
Q

OCD

A

obsessive compulsive disorder: a condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety

102
Q

panic disorder

A

a form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear

103
Q

paranoia

A

a mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm

104
Q

phobia

A

an extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation

105
Q

PTSD

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder: persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, and warfare

106
Q

psychosis

A

a mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusional hallucinations

107
Q

schizophrenia

A

a poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior

The Nervous System and Behavioral Disorders (Chapter 17) (2 decks)

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