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Bio 30 > the nervous system > Flashcards

the nervous system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neuron’s job

A

conduct electrochemiical impulses

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

support neurons, hold them together without touching

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3
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes: clean up brain debris, transport nutrients

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4
Q

schwann cells

A

form myelin

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5
Q

Axon terminal
or synaptic terminals

A

have little bumps
contain synapric vesicles
have little sacs containing neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Node de Ranvier

A

where the axon is unprotected

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7
Q

axon

A

the long part of the neuron
can be covered in myelin sheath

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • Schwann cells
    -increase speed of the neural impulse
    -provides axon with nutrients and protexts it
    -outer membrane is called neurilemma ; regenerate damaged neurons
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9
Q

cell body

A

aka soma, contains nucleus and neuroplasm

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10
Q

dendrites

A

extensions from soma
contain receptors
pick up electrical impulses

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11
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

impulses jump from one node to another

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12
Q

white matter

A

neurons contain myelin

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13
Q

grey matter

A

neurons that do not contain myelin
cannot be fixed once damaged (cognitive part of the brain)

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14
Q

types of neurons

A
  • interneuron
  • motor neuron
  • sensory neuron
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15
Q

interneuron

A

carry impulses in the CNS
short axon without myelin
interprets sensory info and sends motor info

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16
Q

motor neuron

A

from CNS to the effectors
have long myelinated axons

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17
Q

sensory neurons

A

relay info from the environment to CNS
dendrites have sensory receptors disgned to receive external stimuli
long myelinated neurons

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18
Q

steps of neurotransmission

A

-resting neuron
-stimulated neuron
-depolarization
-repolarization
-refractry period
-the synapse

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19
Q

resting neuron

A

ICF is (-) with respect to ECF that is (+)
the membrrane is fairly impermeable to Na+ and mostly impermeable to K+
Na+ in ECF is 10x greater ICF
K+ in ICF is 30x greater than in ECF

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20
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

some ions leak through, the cell fix that with Sodium-Potassium pump (need ATP)

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21
Q

the way Sodium-potassium pump works

A

Na+ gets into the pump (with ATP) then it flips, Na+ gets out, K+ gets into the pump that flips again, releases K+ and ATP

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22
Q

what is a voltage?

A

the seperation in charge between ECF and ICF
the inside is negatively charged or POLARIZED

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23
Q

axon’s voltage equals to…

A

-70 mV

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24
Q

Stimulating a neuron

A

when neuron is stimulated, action potential begins (neurotransmission)

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25
Q

stimuli that can trigger a neuron to fire

A

chemicals, negatively charged electrodes, change in pH, mechanical deformation, heat/cold

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26
Q

treshhold level

A

around -55 mV
it is a minimum level of stimulus required

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27
Q

all or none response

A

either reaches the treshhold and fires or it doesn’t

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28
Q

Summation

A

two neurons can release neurotransmitters at the same time

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29
Q

Depolarization

A

(action potential 1)
Na+ channels opens
rush of Na+ into ECF due to diffusion
the inside becomes (+) (almost +40mV)
Na+ channels are found in the nodes of Ranvier

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30
Q

Repolarization

A

action potential 2
normal polarity must be restored
K+ channels open
K+ rushes out

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31
Q

action potential 2
normal polarity must be restored
K+ channels open
K+ rushes out

A

Na+/K+ pumps moves Na+ out and K+ in

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32
Q

refracotry period

A

time it takes to repolarize a membrane
if a second stimulus is applied, the neuron will not fire

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33
Q

the synapse

A

region between two nerve cells
neurotransmission passes through presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

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34
Q

cynaptic cleft

A

actual gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

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35
Q

what does the end of the axon contain?

A

synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

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36
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

is the neurotransmitter found most in the body

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37
Q

when the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal…

A

a calcium channel opens up and Ca2+ rushes in
neurotransmitters get released into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the postsynaptic membrane ina lock and key style

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38
Q

excitation- depolarization

A

positive ion channels (Na+ or Ca2+) opens up
positive ions rush in
reaches the treshhold

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39
Q

inhibition- hyperpolarization

A

K+ channels open up
K+ rushes out
Cl- channels open up
Cl- rushes in
neuron becomes more (-)

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40
Q

GABA

A

is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter

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41
Q

why does the body need inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

-prioritize sensory info
-coordinate muscle mvt
-pain killers inhibit transmission

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42
Q

getting rid of neurotransmitters in the synapse

A

1.enzymes; break down transmitters
(cholinesterase; breaks down Ach)
2.re-uptake systems; allow neurotransmitters to be carried back inside the axon terminal.

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43
Q

organization of the nervous system

A

Nervous system: -central nervous system:-spinal cord + brain
-peripheral nervous system: *autonomic: involuntary: sympathetic and parasympathetic
*sensory-somatic nerves: voluntary: sensory neurons and motor neurons

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44
Q

spinal cord

A

runs from the sacrum into the brain through foramen magnum
large bundle of neurons

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45
Q

spinal cord is protected by…

A

vertebrae and 3 protected membranes called meninges

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46
Q

layers of spinal cord

A

outer layer is white matter
inner layer shaped H grey matter

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47
Q

the small hole running through the middle of the spinal cord is called

A

cerebrospinal canal contains cerebrospinal fluid that protects and carry nutrients and wastes to and from the spinal cord

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48
Q

how many roots each side has?

A

31 mixed spinal nerves
one half carries the sensory neurons, the other carries motor neurons

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49
Q

the 2 functions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. relaying info via interneurons from and to the brain
  2. the reflex arc
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50
Q

the reflex arc

A

automatic and involuntary response
1. sensory receptor
2.sensory neuron
3. interneuron
4.motor neuron
5.effector

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51
Q

protecting the brain

A

skull
3 membranes called meninges ( inflammation of these membranes is called meningitis)
and cerebrospinal fluid

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52
Q

hypothalamus

A

release hormone
control many autonomic fct
closely related to the pituitary gland

53
Q

the pituitary gland

A

controls many hormones
is under the control of the hypothalamus
mostly made of gland tissue

54
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain
consists of 2 hemospheres connected by corpus callosum
emotion, intellect, memory, reasoning
have an outer convulted layer, grey matter called cerebral cortex

55
Q

each hemosphere of the brain is devided into 4 lobes

A

frontal lobe: intellect reasoning, planning, speech, mvt
contains motor cortex; controls voluntary mvt

56
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory areas, tpuch, temperature
has a sensory cortex; interpreting touch

57
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision, has visual cortex

58
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, has auditory cortex

59
Q

left vs right hemospheres

A

left= math, logic and languages
right= spatial awareness, facial recognition, visual imagery

60
Q

cerebellum

A

coordiantion of muscle activity
maintenance of balance
core white matter, convulted outer grey matter layer

61
Q

pons

A

relay station for info
passes between cerebellum and medulla

62
Q

medulla oblangata

A

swelling on top of the spinal cord
connect PNS and CNS controls autonomic fct

63
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

64
Q

sensory somatic nervous system

A

carries sensory info to the CNS and motor messages to effectors

65
Q

it has 2 nervess

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

66
Q

cranial nerves

A

supply the sense organs and muscles of the head, neck and viscera

67
Q

Vagus nerve

A

10th cranial nerve
supplies branches to many internal organs
carries motor nerve fibre to the heart and lungs

68
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
part of the peripheral nervous system
autonomic motor nervous to the smooth and cardiac muscles and glabnds

69
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or fly response
in stress
uses Ach and adrenaline as neurotransmitters
neurons arise from the middle of the spinal cord

70
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest
relaxed
uses only Ach as neurotransmitters
neurons arise from top and bottom of CNS vagus and palvic nerve

71
Q

sensory receptors

A

convert various energy into electrochemical energy

72
Q

baroreceptor ->
chemoreceptors ->
proprioreceptors ->

A

blood pressure
CO2, O2
mvt of limbs

73
Q

taste

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salt and savoury(aka umami)

74
Q

smell

A

stimulat eolfactory receptors

75
Q

sensory adaptation

A

adjust to a change in the envrmnt
sensory receptors become less sensitive
the thalamus( above hypothalamus blocks those messages)

76
Q

the eye has…. muscles

A

6 extrinsic muscles

77
Q

the sclera

A

the flexible and thick outermost layer of the eye
at the front become CORNEA
nutrients are supplied by aqueous humor

78
Q

the chroid layer

A

black/dark blue pigmented middle layer
prevents light reflexion
becomes iris at the front

79
Q

iris

A

a band of thin circular muscles whch controls the amount of light that enters the pupil

80
Q

the pupil

A

hole in which the light enters

81
Q

retina

A

thin, brown layer
converts light into electrical impluses
contain rods and cons

82
Q

fovea centralis

A

area at the back of the retina
it has the most cones for color reception

83
Q

Fluids in the eye

A

aqueous humor
vitreous humor

84
Q

aqueous humor

A

chamber of transparent fluid between cornea and the lens

85
Q

vitreous humor

A

colorless jelly between the lens and retina

86
Q

the lens

A

held in place by suspensory ligaments the surround the lens

87
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

are held in place by ciliary muscles
they atter the shape of the lens

88
Q

refraction

A

bent upside down onto the retina by the cornea, aqueous humor and the vitreous humor

89
Q

accommodation

A

the bending of the lens to focus on objects

90
Q

changes in the eye to see objects in the distance

A

lens become concave (flat)
ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligaments become taut
pupils dialate to capture as much light as possibel

91
Q

changes to see object up close

A

lens become convex (rounded)
ciliary muscles contract
suspensory ligaments become slick

92
Q

near point

A

the closest an object can get to the eye and remain focused

93
Q

eye strain

A

close objects for long period of time
muscles become tired of contracting

94
Q

interpreting the size of the image

A

the brain determines the siwze by the image projected on the retina
smaller image, means smaller imprint

95
Q

eye problems

A

myopia
hyperopia

96
Q

myopia

A

nearsightness
eyeball is too long
see near not far

97
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightness
eyeball is too short
see far not near

98
Q

other vision defects

A

astigmatism
a cataract
claucoma

99
Q

astigmatism

A

abnormal curvature on the surface of the cornea

100
Q

catarct

A

when the lens or the cornea becomes opaque

101
Q

Rods

A

detect shades of white and grey
there’s no rods in the fovea
function when light levels are low
they are found in the periphery of the retina

102
Q

cones

A

color vision
detect blue, red, green
most cones are located in the fovea centralis

103
Q

colour blindness

A

one or more types of cones does not work properly

104
Q

rhodospsin

A

light absorbing pigments found in rods

105
Q

how do brain get messages?

A

impulses travel into the optic nerve, and then to the occipital nerve

106
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve connects to the retina
has no rods nor cons

107
Q

the outer ear

A

aka pinna, visible part of the ear

108
Q

auditory canal

A

carries waves to the eardrum
has sweat glans that produce ear wax

109
Q

middle ear

A

tympanum & ossicles

110
Q

tympanum

A

aka eardrum or tympanic membrane
flexible membrane that responds to compressions
vibrates at the same frequency and amplitude as the vibrations

111
Q

ossicles

A

bones that carry the soumd waves to the inner ear
the first strikes 20x harder that it was struck by.

112
Q

the eustachian tube

A

connects throat/nose and middle ear
equalizes pressure between the middle and outer ear

113
Q

the inner ear

A

the cochlea (3 coiled chambers)

114
Q

the cochlea

A

is snail-shaped structure converts mechanical vibrations into electrical messages
it contains 3 coiled chambers

115
Q

organ of corti

A

located in the middle chamber
consists of layer of hair cells which have many cilia

116
Q

cilia

A

hair cells standing in a layer of gelatinous fluid

117
Q

how’s sound waves are transferred?

A

sound waves come down the cochlea and cause cilia to bend
the neurons connected to cilia fire, then those impulses go through the auditory nerve to the temporal lobe

118
Q

how’s sound waves travel?

A

it compress and rarefy at different rates

119
Q

what is high frequency wave?

A

the shorter the wavelength is, the higher pitch sound is

120
Q

what is lower frequency wave?

A

the longer the wavelength is, the lower pitch the sound is

121
Q

Amplitude

A

loudness of the sound is controlled by the amplitude

122
Q

How does the organ of corti respond to the sound wave?

A

the first part responds to shorter wavelength
shorter wavelength touches sooner
lower frequency sound seem to travel further

123
Q

the two types of deafness

A
  1. conduction deafness
    2.nerve deafness
124
Q

conduction deafness

A

the sound wave is not conducted to cochlear nerve
either is cognitial condition or scarring in the middle ear from an ear infection which causes the fossicles to fuse together.

125
Q

nerve deafness

A

cochlea cannot transmit impulse to the brain
damaged cilia either by loud sounds or aging

126
Q

treatment for deafness

A

hearing aids can be worn.
surgery to repair or replace damaged ossicles
cochear implants

127
Q

how does the inner ear contributes to the balance?

A

there’s two parts of the inner ear that contribute to the balance; vestibule and semisercular canals

128
Q

vestibule

A

gives info to the brain about the position of the head with respect to gravity

129
Q

semisercular canals

A

three chambers that provide balance moving
these canals contain tiny ciliated hair cells attached to the neuron
when a person moves the fluid “sloshes” over hair cells
impulse is then transmitted to the auditory nerve to the brain

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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