Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 30 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which receptor is stimulated by light?

A

Photoreceptors
Ex. Rods and Cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which receptor is stimulated by chemicals?

A

Chemoreceptors
Ex. Tastebuds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which receptors are stimulated by pressure?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Ex. Hair cells inside the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which receptors are stimulated by temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the white outer layer of connective tissue in the eye?

A

The Sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Job of the cornea?

A

To refract light into the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The middle layer of the eye that contains blood vessels?

A

The choroid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the coloured part of the eye?

A

The Iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A transparent flexible disk behind the iris that helps light focus.

A

The lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A small layer of fluid in the anterior cavity of the eye which provides oxygen to the cells of the lens and cornea.

A

The Aqueous Humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A fluid that fills the posterior cavity and makes up most of the volume of the eye.

A

The Vitreous Humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye called?

A

The retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a bipolar cell?

A

A cell that transfers nerve impulses to ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a ganglion cell?

A

A cell whose axons become the optic nerve which transfers impulses to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a rod do?

A

Sees shades of black and white as well as movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does a cone do?

A

Responsible for colour vision and can be found in the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a blind spot in the eye?

A

A place where light cannot be detected. Where the optic nerve attaches to the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is it called when light focuses in front of the retina?

A

Near sighted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is it called when light focuses behind the retina?

A

Far sighted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an astigmatism?

A

When there is an uneven curvature of the cornea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cloudy film which covers the lens of the eye making vision blurry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the pinna and where is it located?

A

The pinna is located on the outer ear and it is the visible skin which directs sound waves inwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the auditory canal and where is it located?

A

The auditory canal is located in the outer ear and it is a tube leading to the eardrum which sits in the middle ear. Hair and ear wax are located here.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the tympanic membrane (Eardrum) do and where is it located?

A

Located in the middle ear and converts sound vibrations into mechanical vibrations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do the ossicles do and where are they located?

A

They are the 3 smallest bones in the body and they amplify sound vibrations to the oval window. All 3 bones are located in the middle ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the oval window found and what does it do?

A

The oval window can be found in the middle ear and it’s job is to pass vibrations to the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Eustschian tube and where is it located?

A

It is a tube that leads from the middle ear to the back of the throat and it’s job is to equalize air pressure in the middle ear. The tube opens when you sneeze, swallow, or yawn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two jobs of the inner ear?

A

Change sound waves to nerve impulses and regulating balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

A shell like structure composed of the utricle and saccule and it’s main job is to regulate balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the coclea and where is it located?

A

The coclea contains mechanoreceptors that detect sound vibrations and transmits sound waves to the brain. The coclea is located in the inner ear and an action potential is created in a specialized part called the organ of Corti.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is determined by the number of neutrons stimulated in the ear?

A

Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is determined by the location of which hair cells in the ear are stimulated?

A

Pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What part of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Unmylintated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the job of the spinal cord?

A

To carry sensory signals from the PNS to the brain and signals from the brain to the PNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens if a person sustains an injury below the first thoracic vertabre?

A

They would become paraplegic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens if a person sustains an injury above the first thoracic vertabre?

A

They would become quadriplegic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala located?

A

The Forebrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are the pons, cerebellum, and medulla located?

A

The Hindbrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What part of the brain connects to the spinal cord as well as controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure?

A

The Medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What part of the brain is involved in unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and muscle movement?

A

The Cerebellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What part of the brain is located between the medulla and the midbrain and is a relay centre of neurons?

A

The Pons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What part of the brain is a relay centre for nerve impulses going to the cerebrum and directs sensory information?

A

The Thalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What part of the brain is involved with temperature control, water balance, blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, and emotions, as well as regulates the pituitary gland?

A

The Hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the largest part of the brain which is divided into two hemispheres called?

A

The Cerebrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex called?

A

Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, and Frontal.

48
Q

What does the occipital lobe of the brain do?

A

Process visual information.

49
Q

What does the temporal lobe of the brain do?

A

Process auditory information.

50
Q

What does the parietal part of the brain do?

A

Receives sensory information from the skin.

51
Q

What does the frontal lobe of the brain do?

A

Controls voluntary movement, language, personality, and logical thought.

52
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Coordinates muscles for speaking.

53
Q

What is Wernicke’s area for?

A

Language comprehension.

54
Q

What is the somatic PNS responsible for?

A

Voluntary control.

55
Q

What is the autonomic PNS responsible for?

A

Involuntary actions.

56
Q

What is the job of a sensory neuron?

A

To detect stimuli.

57
Q

Where is an interneuron found and what is its role?

A

Found in the CNS and processes sensory information as well as makes decisions.

58
Q

What is the role of a motor neuron?

A

To activate muscles and glands.

59
Q

What is the job of a dendrite?

A

To receive stimulus and transmit a signal to the cell body.

60
Q

Which part of the neuron contains a nucleus?

A

The cell body (soma).

61
Q

Which part of the neuron is the longest, reaching from the dendrites to the axon terminal?

A

The Axon.

62
Q

What is the part of the neuron that protects/insulated the axon, and speeds up transmission called?

A

A Myelin Sheath.

63
Q

What are the gaps between sections of myelin called and what is their job?

A

The nodes of ranvier are where action potentials occur to keep a signal moving down the length of the axon.

64
Q

What is a neurilemma?

A

A delicate membrane surrounding the axon which promotes growth and regeneration.

65
Q

What causes MS?

A

The distraction of myelin sheath, leaving scar tissue which prevents normal impulse transmission.

66
Q

What does a resting membrane look like?

A

High concentration of potassium on the inside of the cell, low concentration or sodium and calcium and vide versa. The inside should be negatively charged.

67
Q

How does a sodium/potassium pump work?

A

It pumps 2 potassium in and 3 sodium out using ATP.

68
Q

What are the steps of Action potential?

A

Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyper polarization, and and the refractory period.

69
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When a signal jumps between nodes of ranvier, this is much quicker to move a signal than continuous conduction which travels down the entire axon.

70
Q

What kind of neuron sends a signal

A

A presynaptic neuron.

71
Q

What kind of neuron receives a signal?

A

A postsynaptic neuron.

72
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A connection between two neurons.

73
Q

Regulates anterior pituitary hormones.

A

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones. (Released from the hypothalamus).

74
Q

Stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth, and metabolic functions.

A

Human growth hormone (anterior pituitary)

75
Q

Stimulates thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary)

76
Q

Stimulates the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (anterior pituitary)

77
Q

Stimulates production of ova and sperm

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary)

78
Q

Stimulates sex hormone production

A

Luteinizing hormone (anterior pituitary)

79
Q

Stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin (anterior pituitary)

80
Q

Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (posterior pituitary)

81
Q

Stimulates uterine muscle contractions and the release of milk.

A

Oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

82
Q

Increases metabolic rate and regulates growth/development

A

Thyroxine (thyroid)

83
Q

Targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone and reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.

A

Calcitonin (thyroid)

84
Q

Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium.

A

Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid)

85
Q

Stimulates tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein.

A

Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

86
Q

Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys

A

Mineralocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

87
Q

Promotes secondary sexual characteristics

A

Gonadocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

88
Q

Fight or flight hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)

89
Q

Lowers blood glucose levels

A

Insulin (pancreas)

90
Q

Raises blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon (pancreas)

91
Q

Stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of females secondary sexual characteristics

A

Estrogen (ovaries)

92
Q

Promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents muscle contractions

A

Progesterone (ovaries)

93
Q

Promotes sperm formation and development

A

Testosterone (testis)

94
Q

Which cells produce glucagon

A

Alpha cells

95
Q

Which cells produce insulin

A

Beta cells

96
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Makes cells permeable to glucose

97
Q

What stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for temporary storage?

A

Insulin

98
Q

Where is glycogen secreted?

A

In the islets of langerhan

99
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose, which is then released into the blood and elevating blood sugar levels.

100
Q

What is the name of the disease which makes the body unable to produce or properly use insulin?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

101
Q

What are some short term symptoms of diabetes?

A

Glucose in the urine, dehydration and thirst, fatigue and low energy, and bad breath.

Long term symptoms include blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage.

102
Q

What does a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system do?

A

Returns the body to homeostasis, inhibiting a stimulus.

103
Q

What does a positive feedback loop in the endocrine system do?

A

Takes the body further from homeostasis by enhancing the stimulus.

104
Q

What is special about a water soluble hormone?

A

It cannot cross a liquid membrane and interacts with cells through binding to external receptor sites.

105
Q

What is special about a fat soluble hormone?

A

It is able to diffuse across a liquid membrane by binding to cytoplasm.

Ex. Steroids

106
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced in glands.

107
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys.

108
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine which are responsible for the fight or flight response.

109
Q

What is produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol and mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.

110
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory (for physical stimulation)
Motor (for brain to area for movement)
Interneuron (for sensory signals going to the brain)

111
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Responsible for the autonomic fight for flight response

112
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

For relaxation, digestion, and life sustaining processes.

113
Q

Excitory neurotransmitter example

A

Epinephrine/norepinephrine

114
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter example

A

GABA

115
Q

Dorsal vs ventral root in the vertabre

A

Dorsal is sensory and ventral is motor

Bio 30 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions