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BMS2011 practical assessment one > THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

White matter of the brain

A
  • myelinated axons of neurons
  • comprises the inner part of the brain

myelinated axons organised as tracts connect

  • different regions (and lobes) of the hemispheres - association fibres
  • left and right hemispheres (commissural fibres) - corpus callosum
    *
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2
Q

grey matter of the brain

A
  • made up by clusters of neuronal cell bodies
  • majority of grey matter found superficially, comprising the cerebral cortex with small clusters found deep, comprising the sub-cortical structures, the basal ganglia and the diencephalon
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3
Q

frontal lobe (function and location)

A
  • “executive functioning”
  • located anterior to the central sulcus
  • involved in personality, behaviour, emotions (pre-frontal cortex)
  • involved in body movement (primary motor cortex)
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4
Q

parietal lobe (function and location)

A
  • located posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus
  • involved in the sense of touch, pain, and temperature
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • association cortex (aspects of language processing)
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5
Q

occipital lobe (function and location)

A
  • located in the posterior region of each hemisphere (found behind the parietal and temporal lobes)
  • lies just underneath the occipital bone
  • involved in vision (colour, light, movement) (contains the visual cortex)
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6
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • inferior to the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
  • involved in auditory/auditory-visual processing (primary auditory area)
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7
Q

insula cortex (function and location)

A
  • deep to the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes - parts that overlay are referred to as opercula
  • involved in taste, vestibular, visceral sensation
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8
Q

diencephalon (function and location)

A
  • rostral (front), central grey matter
  • found medial to the cerebrum
  • relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system
  • composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
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9
Q

thalamus (diencephalon) function

A

relay for sensory input into the cortex

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10
Q

hypothalamus (diencephalon) function

A

homeostatic control, endrocrine regulation

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11
Q

epithalamus (diencephalon) function

A

contains the pineal gland (sleep/wake cycle)

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12
Q

mesencephalon (midbrain) (function and location)

A
  • connects forebrain and the hindbrain (pons and cerebellum)
  • processing of visual and auditory information
  • generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
  • maintainence of consciousness
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13
Q

tectum (mesencephalon) funtion and location

A
  • lies dorsal to the tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct
  • contains the nuclei of the superior and inferior colliculi
  • control visual and auditory reflexes
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14
Q

tegmentum (mesencephalon) function and location

A
  • posterior to the substantia nigra
  • forms the floor of the midbrain
  • involved in the integration of information for involuntary motor commands (eye movements, sleep/wake cycle) and the modulation of somatic motor responses
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15
Q

cerebral peduncles (mesencephalon) function and location

A
  • white matter tracts to brainstem and spinal cord
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16
Q

metencephalon (hindbrain) function and location

A
  • rostral part of the hindbrain
  • ventral part of the metencephalon develops into the pons while the dorsal portion expands into the cerebellum
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17
Q

pons (metencephalon) function and location

A
  • largest part of the brainstem, located above the medulla and below the midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • ventral side
  • connection to the cerebellum (dorsal)
  • pathway for fibre tracts from the brain to the spinal cord
  • controls respiration (with medulla)
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18
Q

cerebellum (metencephalon) function and location

A
  • located at the back of the brain, inferior the occipital and temporal lobes
  • posterior to the pons - seperated by the fourth ventricle
  • involved in the coordination of muscle movement (fine tuning)
  • involved in the storing of memories of previously learned movements (muscle memory)
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19
Q

myelencephalon (medulla) (hindbrain) function and location

A
  • cadual part of the hindbrain
  • continous with the spinal cord inferiorly
  • controls respiration and cardiovascular function
  • control of vomiting, sneezing and coughing
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20
Q

spinal cord (location and function)

A
  • continous with the brainstem (medulla to foramen magnum)
  • extends to level L1/L2
  • peripheral nerves extend through intervertebral foramen
  • grey matter - neuronal cell bodies and processing
  • white matter - axon tracts ascending/descending to the brain
  • shape and size of grey matter varies along length of the spine
  • central canal runs through the centre of the spinal cord (grey matter)
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21
Q

dura mater (meninges)

A
  • “tough”
  • cranial (outmost layer)
  • consists of two fibrous layers
  • outer layer (endosteal) is fused to the periostinum lining of the cranial bones whilst the inner layer (meningeal) lies superficial to the arachnoid mater
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22
Q

arachnoid mater (meninges)

A
  • “spider”
  • adheres to dura mater
  • inner surface shows thin fibrous projections known as arachnoid trabeculae which extend into the pia mater
  • deep to the arachnoid mater is the subarachnoid space which contains a delicate, web-like meshwork of collagen and elastic fibres - contains cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral arteries and veins
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23
Q

pia mater

A
  • tightly attached to the surface contours of the brain (sulci)
  • highly vascular
  • physically separates the neural tissue from the blood vessels within the subarachnoid space (adding to the blood-brain barrier)
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24
Q

epidural space (meninges)

A
  • between periosteum and dura mater in spinal cord
  • site of applying local epidural anaesthesia
25
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • space between the arachnoid and pia mater
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid and major blood vessels
26
Q

subdural space

A
  • between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
27
Q

denticulate ligaments (connections and anatomy of the spinal cord)

A
  • lateral extensions of the pia mater attaching to the dura
28
Q

lumbar cistern (spinal cord anatomy and connections)

A
  • subarachnoid space below L1/2 which does not contain the spinal cord
29
Q

filum terminale (spinal cord anatomy and connections)

A
  • extensions of pia mater from the spinal cord that attach to the coccyx
30
Q

cauda equina (spinal cord anatomy and connections)

A
  • dorsal and ventral rootlets (that form spinal cords)
31
Q

what two vessels are responsible for the blood supply of the brain?

A
  • vertebral arteries
  • internal carotid arteries
  • arise in the neck (common carotid artery and basilar artery) and ascend into the cranium
32
Q

role of the circle of Willis?

A
  • provides an alternative blood supply
  • the terminal branches of the arteries form an anatomotic circle
  • ring-like arterial connections located at the base of the brain
  • key purpose is to collect arterial blood from two vertebral arteries and two internal carotid arteries
33
Q

ophthalmic artery

A

supplies structures of the orbit (eye)

34
Q

posterior communicating artery

A

acts as a connecting vessel

35
Q

anterior choroidal artery

A

supplies structures in the brain important for motor control and vision

36
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

supplies part of the cerebrum

37
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

supplies the lateral portions of the cerebrum

38
Q

meningeal arch

A

supplies a sheet of the dura mater

39
Q

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

A

supplies the spinal cord, spanning its entire length

40
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

supplies the cerebellum

41
Q

blood drainage from the brain

A
  • located in the subarachnoid space
  • empty into the dural venous sinuses (in the dura mater)
  • ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein
  • CSF returns to the bloodstream via arachnoid granulations projecting into the dural venous sinuses
42
Q

role of olfactory nerve (CNI)

A

conveys sensory information related to smell

  • sensory nerve
43
Q

role of optic nerve (CNII)

A

transfers visual information from the retina to the visual centres of the brain

  • sensory nerve
44
Q

oculomotor nerve (CNIII)

A

innervates extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles

  • motor nerve
45
Q

role of trochlear nerve (CNIV)

A

innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye

  • motor nerve
46
Q

role of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

A

sensory information from the face and anterior tongue and is involved in the innervation of the muscles of mastication

  • motor and sensory nerve
47
Q

role of abducens nerve (CNVI)

A

innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

  • motor nerve
48
Q

role of the facial nerve (CNVII)

A

involved in the innervation of muscles of facial expression and taste

  • motor and sensory nerve
49
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)

A

consists of processing sensory information for hearing and balance

  • sensory nerve
50
Q

role of glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

A

provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to your mouth and throat (enables swallowing)

  • motor and sensory nerve
51
Q

role of the vagus nerve (X)

A

responsible for the regulation of internal organs

  • motor and sensory nerve
52
Q

role of the accessory nerve (CNXI)

A

innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

  • motor nerve
53
Q

role of the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

A

innervates the muscles of the tongue

  • motor nerve
54
Q

where does sensory information travel into?

A

Dorsal root

55
Q

Dorsal/posterior horn

A

some of ascending sensory neurons/interneurons

56
Q

ventral/anterior horn

A

soma of somatic motor neurons

57
Q

lateral horn

A

soma of ANS

58
Q

where does motor information leave from the spinal cord?

A

ventral root

59
Q

Differences between the anatomy of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic:

  • ganglia a greater distance from the target organs
  • preganglionic neurons in thoracic/lumbar region
  • cell bodies located in the lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord

parasympathetic:

  • ganglia close to organs
  • preganglionic neurons in brainstem/sacrum region

BMS2011 practical assessment one (3 decks)

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