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PMP101 - Health, disease and patient > The Nervous/Muscle System - Autonomic Nervous System ANS > Flashcards

The Nervous/Muscle System - Autonomic Nervous System ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the ANS?

A

Its role is to maintain the internal environment (homeostasis) through controlling out involuntary functions. It does this by controlling visceral functions - Circulation, Digestion and excretion and also modulates endocrine function.

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2
Q

What brain centers are involved in receiving sensory (afferent) input from the ANS?

A

Sensory (afferent) input from peripheral organs is received by brain centres such as the hypothalamus and the medulla.

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3
Q

What are the two types of neurons involved in ANS output (efferent)?

A

The two types of neurons involved in ANS output are:
1. Sympathetic neurons : responsible for the ‘fight/ flight’ response
2. Parasympathetic neurons: responsible for the ‘rest and digest’ response’

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4
Q

How do sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally affect organs?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally have opposing actions on organs.

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5
Q

What is a reflux act in the context of the ANS?

A

A reflux arc in the ANS is a fast, automatic response that links afferent (sensory) input to efferent (motor) output. It allows for rapid adjustments to maintain homeostatis, such as blood pressure regulation or heart rate.

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6
Q

What types of muscles and glands does the ANS primarily control?

A

controls smooth muscle( ie airways,iris) cardiac muscle, and secretory glands.

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7
Q

What does the ANS control in the vascular system?

A

Controls blood flow and pressure by regulating the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels,adjusting vessel diameter.

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8
Q

How does ANS regulate the digestive system?

A

Controls smooth muscle in the digestive system, regulating peristalsis to move through digestive tract

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9
Q

What secretory glands are controlled by the ANS?

A

The adrenal medulla, pancreatic islets, salivary glands and sweat glands.

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10
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla under the ANS control

A

The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline during the fight or flight response

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11
Q

what role does the ANS play in the function of the pancreatic islets?

A

The ANS regulates the release of insulin and glucagon, helping to control blood sugar levels.

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12
Q

How does ANS affect the cardiac muscle? How does it regulate the heart rate and what effect does it have on the contractile force of the heart?

A
  • ANS controls heart rate and contraction of the heart
    -ANS increases heart rate during stress and decreases it during rest
  • ANS can increase or decrease the strength of the hearts contractions, affecting how forcefully the blood is pumped.
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13
Q

What are the two main divisions of the ANS

A

The sympathetic nervous system (sns) and the parasympathetic nervous system (pns)

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14
Q

what are the primary function of the SNS?

A

SNS is responsible for the fight/flight response, crucial for short term survival by increasing energy availability and usage.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

PNS responsible for the rest and digest response, promoting long term survival by conserving energy and promoting processes like digestion.

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16
Q

How does the SNS affect the heart?

A

It increases heart rate to prepare the body for rapid action

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17
Q

How does the SNS have on lung capacity?

A

It increases lung capacity, allowing increased oxygen intake during stressful situations

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18
Q

How does the PNS affect lung capacity?

A

Decreases lung capacity, supporting a relaxed state.

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19
Q

How does PNS affect blood flow?

A

Increases blood flow to the digestive system to promote digestion and nutrient absorption.

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20
Q

What role does SNS play in glucose regulation?

A

Increases blood glucose to provide immediate energy for muscles during fight/flight response

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21
Q

How does PNS affect energy storage?

A

Promotes the increase of fat and glycogen stores for long term energy use

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22
Q

What is homeostasis in the context of ANS?

A

Homeostasis is the dynamic balance between the SNS and PNS nervous systems, constantly adjusting to maintain equilibrium in the body

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23
Q

How are the PNS and SNS involved in the dynamic balance?

A

Both systems are active constantly, modulating functions to maintain body internal balance based on needs like rest or activity.

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24
Q

What is the role of automatic ganglia in the ANS?

A

Autonomic ganglia are relay points where preganglionic neurons connect to postganglionic neurons

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25
Q

What type of effector is controlled by somatic motor neurons?

A

Skeletal muscle

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26
Q

How many neurons are involved in the somatic nervous system pathway?

A

One neuron ( a single motor neuron from the spinal cord to the muscle)

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27
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by somatic motor neurons to cause muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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28
Q

How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous systems pathway?

A

Two neurons, a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron

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29
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neuron in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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30
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by the postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) or Noradrenaline depending on the division (parasympathetic or sympathetic)

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31
Q

What types of muscles or glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muslce, and glands

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32
Q

What is the role of the autonomic ganglion in the autonomic nervous system?

A

it is a replay point where the preganglionic neuron connects to the postganglionic neuron

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33
Q

What is the main difference between the neurons of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic system - single myelinated neurons
Autonomic system- two neuron in series (preganglionic and postganglionic) with only preganglionic neuron being myelinated

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34
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

The parasympathetic nerves originate from the craniosacral regions of the CNS (brainstem and sacral spinal cord).

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35
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate?

A

Sympathetic nerves originate from the thoracolumbar region (T1-L2) of the spinal cord.

36
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic activities in organs such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines.

37
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

In the parasympathetic nervous system, ganglia are located close to or within the target organs.

38
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine (ACh) at both preganglionic and postganglionic synapses.

39
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine (ACh) at preganglionic synapses and norepinephrine (NE) at postganglionic synapses.

40
Q

where are the adrenal glands located in the body?

A

adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys

41
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

the adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and a major organ of the SNS

42
Q

What makes the adrenal medulla an exception in the SNS?

A

adrenal medulla acts as a specialised ganglion that releases adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream instead of using postganglionic neurons to reach specific organs.

43
Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla release during an emergency or stress?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

44
Q

what is the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline during fight/flight response?

A

body wide response includes, increased heart rate, blood flow to muscles, rapid mobilisation of energy, preparing the body to deal with extreme situations

45
Q

How does the adrenal medulla differ from other organs in the SNS

A

Most organs are controlled by post ganglionic neurons, but the adrenal medulla releases hormones directly into bloodstream

46
Q

What is an Ionotropic Receptor?

A

An ionotropic receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel where the binding site and the ion channel are part of the same protein, leading to a rapid response.

47
Q

How does an ionotropic receptor work?

A

When a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, it opens the ion channel, allowing ions like Na⁺ and K⁺ to flow across the cell membrane.

48
Q

What is the response time of ionotropic receptors?

A

Ionotropic receptors mediate rapid responses, usually involved in processes that need quick action.

49
Q

What is a Metabotropic Receptor (GPCR)?

A

A metabotropic receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor where the binding site is separate from the ion channel, and it activates a second messenger system.

50
Q

How do metabotropic receptors work?

A

When a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, it activates a G-protein, which then triggers the production of a second messenger that modulates intracellular responses.

51
Q

What is the response time of metabotropic receptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors mediate slower responses because they involve multiple steps, including second messenger signaling.

52
Q

What is the role of a second messenger in metabotropic receptor signaling?

A

The second messenger propagates the signal inside the cell, leading to effects like opening ion channels or initiating other cellular responses.

53
Q

Do ionotropic receptors use second messengers?

A

No, ionotropic receptors do not use second messengers. They directly open ion channels when a ligand binds.

54
Q

Which receptor type is associated with a rapid response, ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Ionotropic receptors are associated with rapid responses.

55
Q

What does it mean when neurons are cholinergic?

A

Cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to communicate signals.

55
Q

Are both the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system cholinergic?

A

Yes, both the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system are cholinergic.

55
Q

How does acetylcholine (ACh) affect target organs in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) acts on target organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive system to elicit parasympathetic effects such as lowering heart rate, reducing lung capacity, and promoting digestion.

56
Q

what are the key characteristics of nicotinic receptors?

A

they have 5 subunits
contain 2 acetylcholine (ACh) binding sites
ionotropic and ligand gated
found in skeletal muscle, autonomic ganglia and the adrenal medulla

56
Q

What are the two main types of Acetylcholine receptors?

A

Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors

57
Q

what does it mean for nicotinic receptors to be ionotropic and ligand gated?

A

it means that when acetylcholine binds to the receptors, it directly opens ion channels to allow ions like Na+ and K+ to flow, causing rapid response

58
Q

What are the key characteristics of Muscarinic receptors?

A

They are 7-transmembrane (TM) G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
They use a second messenger system for signal transduction, leading to slower but more complex responses.

59
Q

How many subtypes of Muscarinic receptors are there, and what are they?

A

There are 3 subtypes:

M1: Found in the brain and parietal cells, excitatory.
M2: Found in the heart, inhibitory.
M3: Found in smooth muscle and glands, excitatory.

60
Q

Which muscarinic receptor subtype is inhibitory and found in the heart?

A

M2, which inhibits heart activity.

61
Q

Which muscarinic receptor subtype is excitatory and found in the brain?

A

M1, which is excitatory and found in the brain and parietal cells.

62
Q

What is the role of the M3 muscarinic receptor subtype?

A

It is excitatory and found in smooth muscle and glands.

63
Q

What type of receptor is located on the ganglion in the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Nicotinic AChR).

64
Q

What is the effector target in the parasympathetic pathway (such as smooth muscle cells) called?

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (Muscarinic AChR).

65
Q

What type of receptor is found on effector organs in the parasympathetic system, such as smooth muscle cells?

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Muscarinic AChR).

66
Q

What is the role of Nicotinic ACh receptors in the parasympathetic pathway?

A

They mediate the transmission of the signal at the ganglia by binding acetylcholine and initiating an action potential.

67
Q

Where are Muscarinic ACh receptors located in the parasympathetic pathway?

A

They are located on the effector organs, such as smooth muscle cells or glands, to mediate parasympathetic effects.

68
Q

What neurotransmitter binds to Muscarinic ACh receptors on effector organs?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to Muscarinic ACh receptors.

69
Q

In the sympathetic system, what neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons to target organs?

A

Noradrenaline

70
Q

What receptor type is found on the effector organs in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenergic receptors

71
Q

What is the role of Noradrenergic receptors in the sympathetic system?

A

They bind norepinephrine released by postganglionic neurons, leading to effects like increased heart rate or bronchodilation.

72
Q

Why is receptor specificity important for drug design?

A

Drugs can be designed as agonists to specifically bind to certain receptors (e.g., Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Noradrenergic) to target specific physiological responses.

73
Q

What type of receptors are adrenoceptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as metabotropic receptors.

74
Q

How many main types of adrenoceptors are there?

A

There are 2 main types of adrenoceptors: alpha (α) and beta (β).

75
Q

What neurotransmitters do adrenoceptors respond to?

A

Adrenoceptors respond to adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

76
Q

What are the two subtypes of alpha (α) adrenoceptors?

A

The two subtypes are α1 and α2 adrenoceptors.

77
Q

What is the function of α1 adrenoceptors?

A

α1 adrenoceptors activate phospholipase C, leading to smooth muscle contraction through the release of calcium (Ca²⁺).

78
Q

What is the function of α2 adrenoceptors?

A

α2 adrenoceptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) and leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release.

79
Q

What is the function of beta (β) adrenoceptors?

A

Beta (β) adrenoceptors activate adenylyl cyclase, increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP), which leads to heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation, and glycogenolysis.

80
Q

How do adrenaline and noradrenaline produce diverse actions in the body?

A

They produce diverse actions depending on the target receptors (alpha or beta) and the downstream molecules they activate.

81
Q

Which downstream molecules are activated by α1 adrenoceptors?

A

Phospholipase C is activated, which leads to the production of IP3, DAG, and an increase in Ca²⁺

82
Q

Which downstream molecules are activated by beta (β) adrenoceptors?

A

Adenylyl cyclase is activated, which increases levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

PMP101 - Health, disease and patient (1 decks)

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