The Need For Transport Flashcards
Different parts of the leaf
Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Vein Lower epidermis Guard cells Stomata
State why water is required in plants
Needed to transport materials e.g. Nitrates
And as a raw material for photosynthesis
Name the tissue that transports water and minerals in a plant
Xylem
Explain how xylem vessels are specialised to their function
Xylem are lignified for support, to withstand the pressure changes as water moves through a plant ( this stops them bursting)
Define transpiration
Transpiration is the process by which water is lost by evaporation from the leaves of a plant
Describe the movement of water through a plant from the root to the leaf
Water absorption
Water moves from a region of high (soil) concentration to a region of low concentration (root hair cells) by osmosis
Water then continues to move through the root cells into the xylem vessel by osmosis.
Transport up the stem
Water and mineral salts are transported by the xylem up the stem to the top of the plant.
There is also lateral (sideways) movement of water to side branches.
Water then evaporates from the surrounding cells into the air space in the leaf
The waters is then lost through tiny openings in the leaf called stomata by transpiration
Give examples of environmental factors that could increase transpiration rate.
High temperatures
Wind
Low humidity
Give examples of environmental factors that could decrease transpiration rate.
Low temperatures
Low wind
High humidity
Explain how phloem tissue is specialised for its function.
Sieve tube (cytoplasmic strands and sieve plates) with a companion cell
Sugar is transported up and down the plant through cytoplasmic strands
Name the tissue responsible for sugar transport.
Phloem
Upper epidermis function
Protective layer of cells which is transparent to let light through.
Palisade mesophyll function
Rectangular cells which contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll function
Loosely packed contains chloroplasts airspaces between the cells to allow gas exchange
Vein function
Part of the transport system. Contains xylem and phloem
Lower epidermis function
Protective layer of cells on the underside of a leaf. Made up of epidermal cells, guard cells and stomata.
Guard cells function
Lots of cells which change shape to open and close the stomata.
Stomata function
Pore on the lower leaf surface which allows entry to CO2 and exit of O2
When do the stoma open and close.
Open
When guard cells are turgid (swollen) - day time
Close
When guard cells flaccid (shrunken) - nigh time
Function of circulatory system
Transport of essential materials in the blood to all parts of the body.
Give examples of substances transported in the blood
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Draw a heart with the features and associated vessels
Right and left atria Right and left ventricle Valves Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Coronary artery
Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood
Lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Valve Left ventricle Valve Aorta Body
Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood.
From the body Vena cava Right atrium Valve Right ventricle Valve Pulmonary artery Lungs
Describe arteries
Thick muscular walls
Narrow central channel
Arteries carry blood under high pressure away from the heart
Describe veins
Carry blood under low pressure Thinner walls Wider channels Contain valves to prevent back flow of blood Carry blood towards the heart
Describe capillaries
Form networks at organs and tissues
Have a wall only one cell thick
They have a large surface area allowing exchange of materials
Explain how a red blood cell is specialised to its function.
Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin- then loses its oxygen to body cells
Biconcave to increase surface area
No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin
Different parts of the respiratory system
Mouth and nose Trachea Rings of cartilage Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli
Function of rings of cartilage
Keep main airways open
Name the gas that moves into the blood
Oxygen
Name the gas that moves from the blood into the lungs
Carbon dioxide
Describe the features of alveoli that make them efficient at the diffusion of gases
Large surface area
Thin walls - one cell thick
Good blood supply around each alveolus
Describe the structure of alveoli
Gases move by diffusion. From a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
Describe the self cleaning mechanisms present in the lungs
Mucus
Traps dust, dirt and microorganisms
Cilia (hairs)cilia hairs sweep the mucus up towards the oesophagus to be swallowed or spat out
Name different parts of the digestive system
Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Anus Rectum Liver
Describe movement of food through the digestive system
Food is mechanically broken down by teeth and salivary glands produce saliva which chemically break down food. Food travels down the oesophagus to the stomach, a muscular bad that produces digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
Food then goes to the small intestine a highly folded muscular tube. The site of nutrient absorption. Large intestine removes water from waste to produce faeces. In the rectum faeces is stored here before excretion the faeces is excreted through the opening of the anus.
Why do animals need food
For energy
Define digestion
Digestion is the process where large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble molecules
Sites of main digestion enzymes Ina mammal
Salivary glands
Stomach
Pancreas
Describe the peristalsis
The contraction of muscles behind the food and relaxation of muscles in front of the food. This moves food along the entire alimentary canal.
Explain how the structure of the small intestine is related to its function.
Its is long
The inner lining is folded
A large number of villi
- all of these features increase the surface are for absorption
Explain how villi and associated structures are adapted for absorption and transport of food particles.
Villi wall
Once cell thick to allow rapid diffusion of food molecules
Lacteals
For the absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
Blood capillary
For the absorption of glucose and amino acids
Good blood supply
Carbohydrates
Broken down into a sugars from starch used by the body as an energy source
Proteins
Broken down into amino acids from protein used by the body for growth and repair.
Fats
Broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids used by the body as an energy source.
Describe the role of the large intestine
Removes water from waste to produce faeces
