The Need For Transport

Question 1

Different parts of the leaf

Answer 1

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Vein 
Lower epidermis
Guard cells
Stomata

Question 2

State why water is required in plants

Answer 2

Needed to transport materials e.g. Nitrates

And as a raw material for photosynthesis

Question 3

Name the tissue that transports water and minerals in a plant

Answer 3

Xylem

Question 4

Explain how xylem vessels are specialised to their function

Answer 4

Xylem are lignified for support, to withstand the pressure changes as water moves through a plant ( this stops them bursting)

Question 5

Define transpiration

Answer 5

Transpiration is the process by which water is lost by evaporation from the leaves of a plant

Question 6

Describe the movement of water through a plant from the root to the leaf

Answer 6

Water absorption
Water moves from a region of high (soil) concentration to a region of low concentration (root hair cells) by osmosis
Water then continues to move through the root cells into the xylem vessel by osmosis.
Transport up the stem
Water and mineral salts are transported by the xylem up the stem to the top of the plant.
There is also lateral (sideways) movement of water to side branches.
Water then evaporates from the surrounding cells into the air space in the leaf
The waters is then lost through tiny openings in the leaf called stomata by transpiration

Question 7

Give examples of environmental factors that could increase transpiration rate.

Answer 7

High temperatures
Wind
Low humidity

Question 8

Give examples of environmental factors that could decrease transpiration rate.

Answer 8

Low temperatures
Low wind
High humidity

Question 9

Explain how phloem tissue is specialised for its function.

Answer 9

Sieve tube (cytoplasmic strands and sieve plates) with a companion cell

Sugar is transported up and down the plant through cytoplasmic strands

Question 10

Name the tissue responsible for sugar transport.

Answer 10

Phloem

Question 11

Upper epidermis function

Answer 11

Protective layer of cells which is transparent to let light through.

Question 12

Palisade mesophyll function

Answer 12

Rectangular cells which contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Question 13

Spongy mesophyll function

Answer 13

Loosely packed contains chloroplasts airspaces between the cells to allow gas exchange

Question 14

Vein function

Answer 14

Part of the transport system. Contains xylem and phloem

Question 15

Lower epidermis function

Answer 15

Protective layer of cells on the underside of a leaf. Made up of epidermal cells, guard cells and stomata.

Question 16

Guard cells function

Answer 16

Lots of cells which change shape to open and close the stomata.

Question 17

Stomata function

Answer 17

Pore on the lower leaf surface which allows entry to CO2 and exit of O2

Question 18

When do the stoma open and close.

Answer 18

Open
When guard cells are turgid (swollen) - day time

Close
When guard cells flaccid (shrunken) - nigh time

Question 19

Function of circulatory system

Answer 19

Transport of essential materials in the blood to all parts of the body.

Question 20

Give examples of substances transported in the blood

Answer 20

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hormones

Question 21

Draw a heart with the features and associated vessels

Answer 21

Right and left atria
Right and left ventricle
Valves
Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery 
Pulmonary vein
Coronary artery

Question 22

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood

Answer 22

Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Valve
Left ventricle
Valve 
Aorta
Body

Question 23

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood.

Answer 23

From the body
Vena cava 
Right atrium
Valve
Right ventricle
Valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs

Question 24

Describe arteries

Answer 24

Thick muscular walls
Narrow central channel
Arteries carry blood under high pressure away from the heart

Question 25

Describe veins

Answer 25

``` Carry blood under low pressure Thinner walls Wider channels Contain valves to prevent back flow of blood Carry blood towards the heart ```

Question 26

Describe capillaries

Answer 26

Form networks at organs and tissues Have a wall only one cell thick They have a large surface area allowing exchange of materials

Question 27

Explain how a red blood cell is specialised to its function.

Answer 27

Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin- then loses its oxygen to body cells Biconcave to increase surface area No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin

Question 28

Different parts of the respiratory system

Answer 28

``` Mouth and nose Trachea Rings of cartilage Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli ```

Question 29

Function of rings of cartilage

Answer 29

Keep main airways open

Question 30

Name the gas that moves into the blood

Answer 30

Oxygen

Question 31

Name the gas that moves from the blood into the lungs

Answer 31

Carbon dioxide

Question 32

Describe the features of alveoli that make them efficient at the diffusion of gases

Answer 32

Large surface area Thin walls - one cell thick Good blood supply around each alveolus

Question 33

Describe the structure of alveoli

Answer 33

Gases move by diffusion. From a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

Question 34

Describe the self cleaning mechanisms present in the lungs

Answer 34

Mucus Traps dust, dirt and microorganisms Cilia (hairs)cilia hairs sweep the mucus up towards the oesophagus to be swallowed or spat out

Question 35

Name different parts of the digestive system

Answer 35

``` Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Anus Rectum Liver ```

Question 36

Describe movement of food through the digestive system

Answer 36

Food is mechanically broken down by teeth and salivary glands produce saliva which chemically break down food. Food travels down the oesophagus to the stomach, a muscular bad that produces digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. Food then goes to the small intestine a highly folded muscular tube. The site of nutrient absorption. Large intestine removes water from waste to produce faeces. In the rectum faeces is stored here before excretion the faeces is excreted through the opening of the anus.

Question 37

Why do animals need food

Answer 37

For energy

Question 38

Define digestion

Answer 38

Digestion is the process where large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble molecules

Question 39

Sites of main digestion enzymes Ina mammal

Answer 39

Salivary glands Stomach Pancreas

Question 40

Describe the peristalsis

Answer 40

The contraction of muscles behind the food and relaxation of muscles in front of the food. This moves food along the entire alimentary canal.

Question 41

Explain how the structure of the small intestine is related to its function.

Answer 41

Its is long The inner lining is folded A large number of villi - all of these features increase the surface are for absorption

Question 42

Explain how villi and associated structures are adapted for absorption and transport of food particles.

Answer 42

Villi wall Once cell thick to allow rapid diffusion of food molecules Lacteals For the absorption of fatty acids and glycerol Blood capillary For the absorption of glucose and amino acids Good blood supply

Question 43

Carbohydrates

Answer 43

Broken down into a sugars from starch used by the body as an energy source

Question 44

Proteins

Answer 44

Broken down into amino acids from protein used by the body for growth and repair.

Question 45

Fats

Answer 45

Broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids used by the body as an energy source.

Question 46

Describe the role of the large intestine

Answer 46

Removes water from waste to produce faeces