Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FTCE Biology 6-12 > The Nature Of Science > Flashcards

The Nature Of Science Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific inquiry

A

The myriad of ways in which scientists conduct their studies and form explanations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Observations

A

The receipt of knowledge of the natural world using senses or technology.

Core element of scientific inquiry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Scientific findings

A

Results, conclusions, and suggestions for future research.

Essential to maintain accuracy and clarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a form of scientific investigation?

A. Experiments
B. Observations
C. Descriptive studies
D. Comparative studies

A

B. Observations are pièces of knowledge that are accumulated throughout the course of a scientific investigation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following best defines a hypothesis?

A. An educated guess
B. A study of the natural world
C. An explanation of natural phenomena
D. A testable proposed scientific explanation

A

D. A testable proposed scientific explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following is NOT a reason to cite sources throughout the investigation process?

A. To suggest potential further research
B. To avoid plagiarism
C. To lend validity to findings
D. To provide information to future researchers

A

A. To suggest potential further research

Suggestions are found in the body of the scientific communication, not in cited work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following describes the difference between mathematical and theoretical biology?

A. Mathematical biology consists of complex models inspired by biology, while theoretical biology consists of complex model that explain biology.

B. Mathematical biology is rooted in statistics and probability, while theoretical biology is rooted in experimental results.

C. Mathematical biology studies system-wide biological processes, while theoretical biology studies molecular level biological processes.

D. Mathematical biology involves mathematical models, while theoretical biology does not

A

A. Mathematical biology consists of complex models inspired by biology, while theoretical biology consists of complex model that explain biology.

This answer describes the nuance that exists between these closely related fields.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the following correctly describes how the laws of thermodynamics govern energy movement in ecological systems?

A. Energy is created when producers absorb sunlight and undergo photosynthesis.

B. Only consumers have to get their energy from a source other than themselves.

C. Decomposers destroy energy as they break down organic matter in an ecosystem.

D. Energy is transferred when a consumer eats a producer.

A

D. Energy is transferred when a consumer eats a producer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made up of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Initial contributor of cell theory. Used a microscope to identify, describe, and name cells in the 1660’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ecology

A

How living things interact with each other and their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

A

1952 confirmed that DNA comprises genetic material in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A
  1. DNA is structures in a double helix configuration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Whose expertise in x-ray crystallography provided the necessary data for the double helix model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biological classification

A

Grouping organisms based on their similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Taxonomy

A

The practice of systematically classifying organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Grouped species into seven levels: kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carl Woese

A

Discovered a previously unknown group of organisms - Archaea - prompted him to redraw the taxonomic tree, adding the dimension of “domain” to the top of the taxonomic classification system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following is a major driving force of evolution that was initially proposed by Charles Darwin?

A. Change in species over time
B. The interaction of living things and their environment
C. Organisms receiving at least one allele from each parent for every trait
D. Descent with modification

A

D. Descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heredity

A

How genes are passed through generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of the following scientists’ work made an initial discovery of the components of genetic material, pacing the way for further research and understanding of its structure and function?

A. Hershey and Chase
B. Watson and Crick
C. Mendel and Franklin
D. Watson, Crick, and Franklin

A

A. Hershey and Chase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe the relationship between the work of Linnaeus and the work of Woese?

A. Woese’s work rejected the work of Linnaeus
B. Woese’s work refined the work of Linnaeus based on new evidence
C. Linnaeus’s work laid the foundation for the work of Woese
D. Linnaeus and Woese represent two scientists whose work contributed to the development of classification and taxonomy

A

A. Woese’s work rejected the work of Linnaeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

SI System

A

Modern form of the metric system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Precision

A

How close repeated values are to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measured value is to a true value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

SI Units

A

International system of Units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Conversion factor

A

Power of ten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SI Unit of length

A

Meter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

SI Unit of Mass

A

Kilogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SI unit of volume

A

Liter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

SI Unit of force

A

Newton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

SI unit of pressure

A

Pascal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

SI unit of work and energy

A

Joule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

SI Unit of temperature

A

kelvin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

SI Unit of charge

A

Coulomb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Significant figures

A

The non-zero numbers, the zeros between them, and the final zero in a measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Linear scale

A

Shows equal values using equal divisions. Describe direct relationships like waves and mechanical motion

Example: a ruler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Logarithmic scale

A

Nonlinear, with units written in orders of magnitude.

Used to make ratio-based comparisons for large amounts of numbers

Example: Richter scale, measurements of entropy, and decibel unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which of the following is not a base SI unit?

A. Meter
B. Gram
C. Second
D. Ampère

A

B. Gram. The base SI unit for mass in the kilogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In order to convert 0.75 liters into milliliters, 0.75 should be multiplied by which of the following numbers?

A. 1/1000
B. 1/100
C. 100
D. 1,000

A

D. 1,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which of the following numbers represents the correct conversion of 67 pounds into kilograms?

A. 1,899.45 kg
B. 147.4 kg
C. 30.15 kg
D. 2.345 kg

A

C. 30.15

Multiplying by 0.45 will provide the correct answer

42
Q

Which of the following is the correct scientific notation for 844,000?

A) 84.4 x 10^4
B) 84.4 x 10^5
C) 8.44 x 10^6
D) 8.44 x 10^5

A

D) 8.44 x 10^5

The decimal is moved over 5 spots to the first significant number

43
Q

Which of the following are the significant figures found in the number 92,830,100?

A) 9, 2, 8, 3, 0, 1, and the final zero
B) 9, 2, 9, 3, and 1
C) 9, 2, 8, and 3
D) 9, 2, 8, 3, and the final zero

A

A) 9, 2, 8, 3, 0, 1, and the final zero

All non-zero digits, the zeros between them, and the final zero are considered significant figures

44
Q

Linear scales and logarithmic scales have which of the following features in common?

A. Their units are divided equally
B. Their units increase by a magnitude of 10
C. They are used to explain the relationship between data
D. The relationships shown are directly proportional

A

C. They are used to explain the relationship between data

Linear are used for more direct relationships with low quantities of data. Logarithmic are used to explain exponential relationships between vast amounts of data

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of a linear scale used in science?

A. The Richter scale
B. Entropy in thermodynamics
C. Wave propagation
D. Decibel system

A

C. Wave propagation

46
Q

Data tables

A

Used to organize and record measurements and other numerical information, such as time or frequencies

47
Q

Graphs and charts

A

Visual figures that show relationships among variables

48
Q

Line graphs and scatter plots

A

Show relationships between variables. Generally, quantitative data

Independent variable: x-axis
Dependent variable: y-axis

49
Q

Bar graphs

A

Best used to compare data that exist in different categories, especially if a set of data is qualitative

50
Q

Histograms

A

Similar in structure to bar graphs, but represent data that can be expressed in ranges of numbers, rather than categories

51
Q

Pie charts

A

Can be used to represent data when expressed as a proportion of a whole.

Best used when data needs to be interpreted in comparison with all the other data collected

52
Q

Which of the following is the primary difference between patterns and trends?

A. Patterns are only visible in tables; trends are only visible in graphs.

B. Patterns show repetition of data; trends show the direction in which data moves.

C. Patterns show data; trends show analysis

D. Patterns do not have to be accurate; trends must be accurate.

A

B. Patterns show repetition of data; trends show the direction in which data moves.

Patterns are the similar data that emerge from a collection, and trends show in which direction this data moves over time.

53
Q

Which of the following types of graphs best shows the quantitative relationship and trends between an independent and dependent variable over time?

A. Scatter plot
B. Histogram
C. Bar graph
D. Pie chart

A

A. Scatter plots

Scatter plots show trends among quantitative independent and dependent variables

54
Q

Histograms

A

Show data in ranges of numbers

55
Q

Bar graphs

A

Show the relationships between categories or individual data, some of which may be qualitative

56
Q

Pie charts

A

Best suited for showing data as a percentage compared to the entire data set

57
Q

Systematic errors

A

Flaws in the data collection procedures and alter the accuracy of an investigation

58
Q

Random errors

A

Caused by unpredictable changes, such as imprecise measurements, and can limit the precision of an investigation

59
Q

Which of the following is the primary difference between patterns and trends?

A. Patterns are only visible in tables; trends are only visible in graphs.
B. Patterns show repetition of data; trends show the direction in which data moves.
C. Patterns show data; trends show analysis
D. Patterns do not have to be accurate; trends must be accurate.

A

B. Patterns show repetition of data; trends show the direction in which data moves.

Patterns are the similar data that emerge from a collection, and trends show in which direction this data moves over time.

60
Q

Which of the following types of graphs best shows the quantitative relationship and trends between an independent and dependent variable over time?

A. Scatter plot
B. Histogram
C. Bar Graph
D. Pie chart

A

A. Scatter plot

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT a difference between a line graph and a bar graph?

A. Line graphs use quantitative data; bar graphs can use both quantitative and qualitative data.

B. The y-axis of a bar graph shows scales; the y-axis of a line graph shows dependent variables.

C. The x-axis of a bar graph shows independent variables; the x-acid of a line graph shows dependent variables.

D. Line graphs show data points; bar graphs show data categories.

A

C. The x-axis of a bar graph shows independent variables; the x-acid of a line graph shows dependent variables.

62
Q

Which of the following types of errors can alter the precision of a scientific investigation?

A. procedural flaws
B. Systematic errors
C. analyzed errors
D. Random errors

A

D. Random errors

63
Q

Physical model

A

Physical copies of a phenomenon that are built to scale and are used to physically visualize processes and phenomena.

For Example: Solar system movement

64
Q

Conceptual models

A

Visual representation of abstract concepts, while also describing behavior

For example: the fluid mosaic model

65
Q

Mathematical models

A

Used to describe and predict behavior or phenomena

For example: population growth

66
Q

Graphical models

A

Used in probability and statitisics

Predominantly used in disciplines such as genetics in order to analyze genetic links

67
Q

The Bohr model, which is an atomic model that describes the concept of how components of an atom behave, is an example of which of the following types of models?

A. Physical model
B. Graphical model
C. Mathematical model
D. Conceptual model

A

D. Conceptual model

68
Q

Which of the following describes the difference between mathematical and conceptual models?

A. Mathematical models represent concepts using equations; conceptual models represent concepts using frameworks and diagrams.

B. Mathematical models graphically represent concepts; conceptual models physically represent concepts.

C. Conceptual models are a type of mathematical model

D. Mathematical concepts are only used in math— heavy disciplines, such as physics; conceptual models are only used in observation— heavy disciplines, like biology

A

A. Mathematical models represent concepts using equations; conceptual models represent concepts using frameworks and diagrams.

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the limitations of scientific models?

A. All scientific models have limitations.
B. Models with limitations are discarded in favor of new, more comprehensive models.
C. Scientists use multiple models to account for model limitations.
D. Models are evaluated for limitations

A

B. Models with limitations are discarded in favor of new, more comprehensive models.

70
Q

MSDS

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

71
Q

Material Safety Data Sheet

A

Required for chemical compounds and solutions used in a lab.

Contains all potential health, fire, reactivity, and environmental hazards; instructions for the proper and safe preparation, use, storage, and handling of the material; and preventative and first aid measures.

72
Q

PPE

A

Personal Protective Equipment

73
Q

Which of the following pieces of information is NOT found on a material safety data sheet?
A. Reactivity data
B. Alternative chemicals to use
C. Hazardous ingredients
D. Preventative measures

A

B. Alternative chemicals to use

The MSDS for a chemical is primarily focused on the manufactured chemical, not other compounds or solutions.

74
Q

Which of the following correctly describes an effective PPE plan?

A. Identifies hazards, uses nitrile materials for all investigations, monitors the program.

B. Addresses potential hazards, selects proper PPEs, trains employees, monitors the program, and maintains the equipments.

C. Selects appropriate PPEs, maintains equipment, does not follow OSHA guidelines.

D. Addresses potential hazards, only uses PPEs when using caustic chemicals, trains employees, monitors the program

A

B. Addresses potential hazards, selects proper PPEs, trains employees, monitors the program, and maintains the equipments.

These are all important steps of a successful PPE program as dictated by OSHA

75
Q

Which of the following is NOT a purpose or function of safety goggles?

A. Protect eyes from chemical exposure
B. Offer full field of vision
C. Allow particles to pass through
D. Provide ventilation

A

C. Allow particles to pass through

Protective safety goggles should protect eyes from all exposure, including chemical and physical particles sources

76
Q

Which of the following describes a situation in which an emergency shower should be used?

A. To rinse out beakers
B. To put out a grease fire
C. To rinse out eyes that have been exposed to chemicals
D. To flush out an arm that has been exposed to a caustic chemical

A

D. To flush out an arm that has been exposed to a caustic chemical

Emergency wash stations should be used to flush out the skin that has been exposed to a hazard

77
Q

Which of the following is NOT a step included in proper glass disposal procedure for glassware that has not been exposed to hazardous material?

A. Put out sealed box containing glass with regular trash.

B. Seal bag containing glass

C. Close all seams of box containing glass

D. Place small broken glass pieces in a regular trash bin.

A

D. Place small broken glass pieces in a regular trash bin.

All broken glass should be initially disposed of in the designated container, not the regular trash

78
Q

Solute

A

Dissolved material in a solution

79
Q

Molarity

A

Measure of a solute, or dissolved material found in a solution

80
Q

Solvent

A

The substance in which the solute is dissolved

81
Q

Caustic

A

Able to destroy organic material

82
Q

When disposing of biological waste, you should follow these procedures EXCEPT for which of the following?

A. Inactivate all infectious waste within 24 hours.

B. Dispose of all used and unused sharps and syringes.

C. Bleach all non-infectious specimens.

D. Transport waste form lab in approved leak-proof containers

A

C. Bleach all non-infectious specimens.

83
Q

Which of the following extra precautions must take place when handling flammable materials?

A. Store in a separate, designated space away from other materials.

B. Be aware of all fire safety equipment that is in laboratory.

C. Eliminate all ignition sources.

D. Only prepare as much material as needed.

A

C. Eliminate all ignition sources.

Specifically required for use of flammable materials.

84
Q

LASER

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Produce high energy, narrow beams of concentrated, monochromatic light that can travel great distances

85
Q

Spectrometers

A

Used to measure and record light properties and wave spectrums

86
Q

Which of the following is an example of safe, appropriate use of a piece of optical equipment?

A. Leaving a spectrometer open and accessible for the next use

B. Storing spectrometers in a humid storage space

C. Cleaning glass lenses but not plastic lenses

D. Placing a dust cover over a telescope after use is complete

A

D. Placing a dust cover over a telescope after use is complete

Dust covers are an important piece of protective equipment that maintains the safety, cleanliness, and accuracy of the instrument

87
Q

Which of the following is an example safe, appropriate use of a piece of optical equipment?

A. Leaving a spectrometer open and accessible for the next use.

B. Storing spectrometers in a humid storage space

C. Cleaning glass lenses but not plastic lenses

D. Placing a glass cover over a telescope after use is complete

A

D. Placing a glass cover over a telescope after use is complete

88
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of an optical equipment component that disperses, concentrates, or redirects light?

A. Eyepiece
B. Lens
C. Prism
D. Mirror

A

A. Eyepiece

Eyepieces of microscopes and telescopes contain lenses, but are not the optical components themselves

89
Q

Mechanical separation

A

Separation of components using physical machines.
Examples: filtration via funnels, sieves, and centrifuge

90
Q

Chemical separation

A

Chemicals removing compounds through procedures like distillation and chromatography

91
Q

Distillation

A

Purifies and separates liquid through heating and cooling using burning, tubing, and flasks

92
Q

Chromatography

A

Separates mixtures by allowing a gas for liquid to flow over a material

Typically involved the use of columns, detectors, and pumps

93
Q

Alcohol burners

A

Low, open flames at relatively low temperatures

94
Q

Bunsen burners

A

Produce higher and hotter flames than alcohol burners

95
Q

Autoclaves

A

Strong vessels that use high pressure and temperatures

Most reliable form of sterilization

96
Q

Columns, pumps, and detectors are examples of primary equipment commonly used for which of the following methods of separation?

A. Electrical separation
B. Chromatography
C. Mechanical separation
D. Filtration

A

B. Chromatography

97
Q

Which of the following methods of separation can be used to separate nucleic components of a cell using electrical impulses?

A. Gel electrophoresis
B. Distillation
C. Centrifuge
D. Filtration

A

A. Gel electrophoresis

It can separate DNA and RNA from the rest of the cell

98
Q

Which of the following extra care steps should be taken when using pH meters?

A. Calibrate probe before use.

B. Remove flammable material from work area

C. Attend to pH meters constantly, never leaving them unattended.

D. Inspect all parts before use.

A

A. Calibrate probe before use.

Due to the sensitive nature of the probe, pH meter probes should be cleaned and calibrated before each use.

99
Q

Which of the following is an acceptable container for use when heating a substance?

A. Reagent bottle
B. Flask
C. Plastic beaker
D. Crucible

A

D. Crucible

Crucibles are wide-mouthed, open containers that are constructed with materials that are resistant to high temperatures

100
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the definition of sterilization?

A. Eliminating hazards from equipment

B. Removing microorganism from a surface

C. Storing equipment at high pressures and temperatures

D. Removing all sources of investigation manipulation

A

B. Removing microorganism from a surface

Sterilization uses solvents and heat to denature and remove microorganisms

FTCE Biology 6-12 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions