The nature and variety of living organisms - Topic 1 Flashcards
(a) Understanding how living organisms share the following characteristics: (1.1)
. They require Nutrition
. They respire
. They excrete their waste
. They respond to their surroundings
. They move
. They control their internal conditions
. They reproduce
. They grow and develop
(a) Nutrition - Plants (1.1)
. The providing of molecules
. Green plants
- Photosynthesis - 6CO₂ + 6H₂O —> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (Carbon dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen) (Reverse of respiration)
- CO₂ + Minerals
- Autotrophic (Self energy levels)
(a) Nutrition - Animals (1.1)
. Heterotrophic (Energy level gain from other sources)
. They break down molecules into simpler forms
(a) Respiration (1.1)
. It occurs by the release of energy from the cells and it happens in living organisms
. Plants - (Photosynthesis) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy released (ATP)
(a) Excretion of waste (1.1)
. The process where metabolic waste is removed from the organism
. Carried out by lungs, kidneys, urethra and skin
. Things that are excreted
- Excess glucose
- CO₂ in animals
- O₂ in plants
- Urine (Through the urea) - contains
excess amino
acids from protein
(a) Egestion of waste (1.1)
. Unicellular organisms - the discharge of undigested material from the cell
. Multicellular organisms - the expulsion of undigested waste from animals digestive journey’s via the anus
- Foods
-Liquids - Burping
-E.c.t…
(a) Sensitivity (1.1)
. Important to be reactive to the environment
. Different receptors around the body
. Many times it is coordinated by the nervous system or hormones
Sensitive to?
- Temperature
- Pain
- Sound
- Smell
- Hunger
- Light
(a) Sensitivity 2 (1.1)
. Receptors
- Chemoreceptors <> Oxygen, pH, various organic molecules such as glucose
- Mechanoreceptors <> Pressure - (Baroreceptors), Cell stretch (Osmoreceptors), vibration, acceleration and sound
- Photoreceptors <> Photons of light
- Thermoreceptors <> Temperature - Varying degrees of heat
(a) Movement (1.1)
. Plants - usually just one part and this is normally based off of sensitivity towards the sunlight or for something to hold to using its tendrils if the plant is tilting
. Animals = Locomotion (Can move anywhere)
(a) The control of internal conditions (Homeostasis) (1.1)
. Homeostasis = An internal set of conditions which always need to be kept within a set of limits for the organism to continue functioning properly
- Body temp
- O₂ in blood (Acidity of blood)
- Heart rate
- Blood sugars/Glucose
(a) Reproduction (1.1)
. The ability to create offspring to continue the species
. The DNA controls the characteristics of the offspring and also further advances evolution
. Asexual (The ability to create offspring without a partner) - Usually in plants and unicellular organisms
. Sexual (The ability to create offspring with a partner being required) - Usually in animals and multicellular organisms
. Viruses cannot reproduce
(a) Growth and Development (1.1)
. Growth - An increase in size and number of cells
. Development - Cells becoming specific to their certain job
. Cells -> cluster of cells -> specialized tissues -> organs | More cells in an organism = More complexity
. Animals eventually reach a max size
. Plants continue to grow from buds every year
- Shoots and leaves
- Flowers can turn into fruits
Calculating Magnification
. Magnification = Image size / Actual size
Converting micro units
.Millimetres (mm) -> Micrometres (µm) -> Nanometres (nm)
- 1mm -> [x1000] 1000µm ->[x1000] 1000,000
Calculating Actual size
. Actual size = Image size / Magnification
Finding image size
. Use a ruler to measure the area specified in the image in mm
(b) Eukaryotic and Prokaryotes organisms (1.2)
. Eukarya:
- Protoctists
- Fungi
- Plante
- Animalia
- Yeast
. Prokaryotic organisms:
- Bacteria
. Viruses (Neither Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic)
(b) Common features shown by Plants (1.2)
. Multicellular
. They store carbohydrates as starch or glucose
. Autotrophic
. Asexual
(b) The cell structure of Plants (1.2)
. They contain a nucleus, cell membrane, a mitochondrion and chloroplasts for photosynthesis and chlorophyll, which gives the plant its green color by trapping light
. They have cellulose cell walls to stop the cell from bursting
. They include a permanent vacuole to store contain cell sap/water
.They do not have nervous coordination
(b) A few examples of Plants (1.2)
. Examples: Flowering plants, such as cereal (for example maize) and a herbaceous legume (for examples peas or beans)
(b) Common features shown by Animals (1.2)
. Multicellular
. Do not have chloroplasts so they cannot carry out photosynthesis
. They have a nervous system for coordination
. Store carbohydrates as glycogen
. They have the ability to move
. They don’t have cellulose cell walls
. Heterotrophic
. Sexual
(b) The cell structure of Animals (1.2)
. They contain a nucleus, ribosomes, a cell membrane, a temporary vacuole a mitochondria and cytoplasm
. They do not have cellulose cell walls, they don’t contain chloroplasts (so they are unable to carry out photosynthesis)
(b) A few examples Animals (1.2)
. Examples: Mammals (for example humans, tigers, dogs, cat…) and insects (for example the housefly and mosquito)
(b) Common features shown by Fungi (1.2)
. Cannot carry out photosynthesis
. Multicellular fungi are organized into mycelium, made of thread-like hyphae containing multiple nuclei
. Saprotrophic nutrition
- They obtain nutrients through saprotrophic nutrition by secreting digestive enzymes onto decaying organic matter and absorbing the digested molecules.
. They do not have nervous coordination
. Some fungi store carbohydrates as glycogen
. Some fungi are parasitic and feed off of living material
