The Nature and Properties of Wood

Question 1

Are Hardwood or Softwood Considered Deciduous?

Answer 1

Hardwoods

Question 2

Trees also identified as angiosperms?

Answer 2

Deciduous

Question 3

What does angiosperms mean?

Answer 3

There seeds are covered

Question 4

The Term Hardwood refers to a?

Answer 4

Biological Grouping

Question 5

Hard woods are all not hard T or F

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Ash, Oak and Maple are examples of Hardwoods or Softwoods?

Answer 6

Hardwoods

Question 7

What is true about a hardwood trees structure?

Answer 7

They have a Dendritic structure which means that the main stem branches and debranches, continuously sub diving

Question 8

General Characteristics of Hardwood trees?

Answer 8

• Broad leaves in various shapes and sizes
• Shed leaves in the fall at the end of each growing season
• Generally hard and durable, used for fine furniture
• Medullary ray cells can often be seen and the wood is closer grained than softwoods.
• Branches are larger than softwoods
  -Tend to grow in warmer climates

Question 9

Coniferous trees are hardwood or softwood trees?

Answer 9

Softwood

Question 10

Also known as Gymnosperms?

Answer 10

Coniferous Trees

Question 11

What does Gymnosperms mean?

Answer 11

Needle Bearing

Naked needle

Question 12

Example of Softwoods?

Answer 12

Spruce
Fir
Pine

Question 13

What does Excurrent structurein a tree refer to?

Answer 13

There is one main central stem with many smaller branches sticking out to the side

Question 14

What kind of trees have an Excurrent structure

Answer 14

Coniferous trees Softwoods

Question 15

Characteristics of softwoods?

Answer 15

• They have thin, round or semi flat needle-type leaves, bearing cones in which the seeds germinate and grow.
• Typically used in rough construction (Framing lumber)
• Medullary ray cells are invisible
• Frequently have dead knots and resin pockets
• Tend to grow in colder climates

Question 16

Wood typically used in rough construction (Framing lumber)

Answer 16

Softwoods (Coniferous)

Question 17

When strength is the main consideration it pays to choose a wood with a high?

Answer 17

Strength to weight ratio

Question 18

Good indicator of a woods strength to weight ratio?

Answer 18

Density of Specific Gravity

Question 19

If a given volume of a particular wood weighs the same amount as an identical volume of water, it is said to have a specific gravity of?

Answer 19

1.0

Question 20

If a piece of wood weighs 60% of an identical volume of water it is said to have a Specific Gravity of?

Answer 20

0.6

Question 21

Standard test for hardness?

Answer 21

Janka Hardness Test

Question 22

__________ grain wood forms a more durable joint then ________ grain wood

Answer 22

Open grained wood forms a more durable joint than
Close grained woods

Question 23

Compressive strength refers to?

Answer 23

load bearing capacity

Question 24

Tensile strength refers to?

Answer 24

Resistance of the wood to forces trying to stretch it parallel to the grain

Wood is stronger in tension Parallel to the grain

Question 25

What is the measurement that measures the ability of the wood to resist internal slipping parallel to the grain if one part is loaded more than another

Answer 25

Sheer resistance

Question 26

What are the arrows pointing to top to bottom?

Answer 26

Cambium Inner Bark Outer Bark Heartwood Pith Sapwood Medullary Rays

Question 27

Inner bark (Bast) layers job?

Answer 27

Transports food to the leaves downward from the leaves downward to the branches, trunk and roots

Question 28

What is the cambium layer of a tree situated between?

Answer 28

Sapwood and inner bark where new growth occurs

Question 29

Describe cells created on the inside and outer layer of the cambium

Answer 29

During the growing season, new sapwood cells(Xylem) are created on the inner side of this layer. While new inner bark bast (Phloem cells) are created on the outside of the cambium layer

Question 30

Outer portion of a tree trunk is

Answer 30

Sap Wood

Question 31

What is the function of sapwood?

Answer 31

Acts as a conductor of sap up to the leaves and branches of the tree

Question 32

Sap wood is an active layer where?

Answer 32

Food is stored and absorbed

Question 33

Heartwood is typically lighter than sapwood T or F

Answer 33

F Sapwood is almost always going to be lighter

Question 34

Inner portion of a tree trunk is called?

Answer 34

Heartwood

Question 35

Heartwood gives what to a tree?

Answer 35

Stiffness and stability

Question 36

In Heartwood the wood cells cease to conduct sap and they become darker in color from the infiltration of ?

Answer 36

Also known as Extractives Gums Resins Oils Tannin

Question 37

Part of a tree more resistant to decay and insects

Answer 37

Heartwood

Question 38

Furniture makers and veneer producers prize what part of the tree?

Answer 38

Heartwood

Question 39

Hollow cells shaped like tiny tubes with close pointed ends? what is there function?

Answer 39

Tracheid's Fluid is transferred from one Tracheid to another through tiny opening in the side where the tracheid's overlap

Question 40

The tubes of Tracheid cells are largely made of?

Answer 40

Cellulous

Question 41

Tubes or cells of Tracheid's are cemented together with a material called

Answer 41

Lignin

Question 42

Up to 95% of the cells in Tracheid's are?

Answer 42

Softwoods

Question 43

Runs horizontally, radiating out from the pith area towards the outside of the trunk?

Answer 43

Medullary Rays

Question 44

Function of medullary rays

Answer 44

Stores and transfers food throughout the tree

Question 45

Cant be seen in many softwoods but easier to see in hardwoods?

Answer 45

Medullary rays

Question 46

Wood is comprised of ?

Answer 46

Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Extractives

Question 47

Chemical compound that gives wood its color, smell and oiliness or grittiness?

Answer 47

Extractives

Question 48

Highly polymerized and complex chemical compound common in woody plants?

Answer 48

Lignin

Question 49

If a board is Plain or Flat sawn the face grain is _______ and the edge grain is _______

Answer 49

Tangent Radial

Question 50

If a board is Quarter sawn the face grain is ?

Answer 50

Radial and edge grain is tangential

Question 51

If a board is not clearly tangential or radial is is called?

Answer 51

Rift Sawn

Question 52

What wood type of Sawn wood are the arrows pointing to left to right

Answer 52

Quarter sawn Plain or Flat Sawn Rift Sawn

Question 53

Example of ring porous wood

Answer 53

Oak and Ash

Question 54

What causes a woolly fuzzy surface?

Answer 54

Wood is machined with to high a moisture content

Question 55

What kind of figure is this

Answer 55

Ribbon figure

Question 56

What kind of figure is this

Answer 56

Curly or fiddleback Figure

Question 57

What kind of figure is this

Answer 57

Stump

Question 58

What kind of figure is this

Answer 58

Crotch

Question 59

What kind of figure is this

Answer 59

Burl

Question 60

What kind of figure is this

Answer 60

Birds eye

Question 61

What kind of figure is this

Answer 61

Ray fleck or Flake figure (Left) Rift Figure (Right)

Question 62

What kind of figure is this

Answer 62

Flame