The Musculoskeletal System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1)

Question 1

What are the three types of joints

Answer 1

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 2

Fibrous joints are…

Answer 2

Fixed

Question 3

Cartilaginous joints are….

Answer 3

Slightly moveable joints

Question 4

Synovial joints are….

Answer 4

Freely movable joints

Question 5

What does articulating bones refer to

Answer 5

The bones that meet and move at the joint

Question 6

What is a ball and socket joint

Answer 6

Allows movement in every direction

Question 7

What is a hinge joint

Answer 7

-Allows movement in only one direction

Question 8

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

Answer 8

Hip and Shoulder

Question 9

Give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 9

Ankle, Knee, Elbow

Question 10

What is the Saggital plane

Answer 10

vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves

Question 11

What is the frontal plane

Answer 11

• a vertical plane that divides the body onto front and back halves

Question 12

What is the transverse plane

Answer 12

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

Question 13

Give an example of movements in the Sagittal plane

Answer 13

Extension and Flexion
Plantar- Flexion and Dorsi - Flexion
Hyper - Extension

Question 14

Give an example of movement in the frontal plane

Answer 14

abduction and adduction

Question 15

Give an example of movements in the transverse plane

Answer 15

Horizontal Abduction
Horizontal Adduction
Rotation

Question 16

Give an example of movement in the transverse axis

Answer 16

Extension and flexion

Question 17

Give an example of movement in the saggital axis

Answer 17

Abduction and adduction

Question 18

Give an example of movement in the longitudinal axis

Answer 18

Rotation

Question 19

What axis will always be paired with the saggital plane

Answer 19

Transverse axis

Question 20

What axis will always be paired with the frontal plane

Answer 20

Saggital axis

Question 21

What axis will always be paired up with the transverse plane

Answer 21

Longitudinal axis

Question 22

How does the transverse axis run

Answer 22

From side to side across the body

Question 23

How does the saggital axis run

Answer 23

From front to back

Question 24

How does the longitudinal axis run

Answer 24

From top to bottom

Question 25

Which movements occur in a saggital plane about a transverse axis

Answer 25

- Flexion, extension - plantar flexion, dorsi flexion - hyper-extension

Question 26

What movements occur in a frontal plane about a saggital axis

Answer 26

Abduction and adduction

Question 27

What movements occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis

Answer 27

Horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction

Question 28

What is flexion

Answer 28

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Question 29

What is extension

Answer 29

Increasing the angle between bones of a joint

Question 30

What is plantar flexion

Answer 30

Pointing the toes/pushing up on to your toes

Question 31

What is dorsi flexion

Answer 31

Pulling the toes up to the shin

Question 32

What is hyper extension

Answer 32

Increasing the angle beyond 180° between the bones of a joint

Question 33

What is abduction

Answer 33

A movement away from the midline of the body

Question 34

What is adduction

Answer 34

A movement towards the midline of the body

Question 35

What is horizontal abduction

Answer 35

Movement of the body part backwards across the body to abduction

Question 36

What is horizontal adduction

Answer 36

The movement of the body part forwards across the body at 90° to adduction

Question 37

Define agonist

Answer 37

The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring, the muscle which contracts whilst the movement happens

Question 38

Define antagonist

Answer 38

The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist, the muscle that is relaxing while a movement happens

Question 39

Can there be more than one agonist

Answer 39

Yes there can although this does depend on the type of movement that is being performed

Question 40

What is the iliopsoas also known as

Answer 40

The hip flexors

Question 41

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Elbow flexion

Answer 41

Agonist: Biceps Antagonist: Triceps

Question 42

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Elbow extension

Answer 42

Agonist: Triceps Antagonist: Biceps

Question 43

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Ankle plantar-flexion

Answer 43

Agonist: Gastrocnemius Antagonist: Tibialis anterior

Question 44

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Ankle dorsi flexion

Answer 44

Agonist: tibialis anterior Antagonist: gastrocnemius

Question 45

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Knee flexion

Answer 45

Agonist: hamstring Antagonist: quadriceps

Question 46

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Knee extension

Answer 46

Agonist: quadriceps Antagonist: hamstrings

Question 47

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Hip flexion

Answer 47

Agonist: hip flexors Antagonist: gluteals

Question 48

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip extension/hyper extension

Answer 48

Agonist: gluteals Antagonist: hip flexors

Question 49

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip adduction

Answer 49

Agonist: adductors Antagonist: gluteus medius

Question 50

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip abduction

Answer 50

Agonist: gluteus medius Antagonist: adductors

Question 51

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip horizontal adduction

Answer 51

Agonist: Adductors Antagonist: gluteus medius / minimus

Question 52

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip horizontal abduction

Answer 52

Agonist: gluteus medius / minimus Antagonist: adductors

Question 53

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder flexion

Answer 53

Agonist: anterior deltoid Antagonist: latissimus dorsi

Question 54

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder extension/hyper extension

Answer 54

Agonist: latissimus dorsi Antagonist: anterior deltoid

Question 55

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder horizontal abduction

Answer 55

Agonist: latissimus dorsi Antagonist: pectorals

Question 56

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder horizontal adduction

Answer 56

Agonist: pectorals Antagonist: latissimus dorsi

Question 57

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder adduction

Answer 57

Agonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi Antagonist: middle deltoid

Question 58

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder abduction

Answer 58

Agonist: middle deltoid Antagonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi

Question 59

What is a concentric contraction

Answer 59

When a muscle shortens under tension E.g. elbow flexion, biceps brachii is the agonist

Question 60

What is eccentric contraction

Answer 60

When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake E.g. triceps lengthen under tension, acts like a brake in the middle of a push up

Question 61

What is a isometric contraction

Answer 61

When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement E.g. muscles are contracting in plank but no visible movement

Question 62

What is a isotonic contraction

Answer 62

When a muscles length changes to create a movement Two types: concentric and eccentric