The Muscular System and Skin

Question 1

Striated Muscles / Músculo estriado

Answer 1

also called voluntary muscle, striped muscle, or skeletal muscle. Most common of the 3 types in the body; is attached to bone & produces all the movements of body parts in relation to each other; unlike smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, it is under voluntary control; its multinucleated fibres are long and thin & are crossed with a regular pattern of fine red & white lines, giving the muscle its distinctive appearance and its name

Question 2

Smooth Muscles / Músculo liso

Answer 2

also called involuntary muscle; shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification; consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells w/a single, centrally located nucleus; contracts slowly and automatically; constitutes much of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system

Question 3

Ligaments / ligamento

Answer 3

tough fibrous band of connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs & hold bones together in proper articulation at the joints; is composed of dense fibrous bundles of collagenous fibres & spindle-shaped cells known as fibrocytes, with little ground substance (a gel-like component of the various connective tissues); 2 types: 1. white ligament is rich in collagenous fibres, which are sturdy and inelastic; 2. yellow ligament is rich in elastic fibres, which are quite tough even though they allow elastic movement

Question 4

Tendons / tendón

Answer 4

tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts, usually bones; are the connective tissues that transmit the mechanical force of muscle contraction to the bones; is firmly connected to muscle fibres at one end & to components of the bone at its other end; is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue made up primarily of spindle-shaped cells called fibrocytes & of collagenous fibres

Question 5

Aerobic Exercises

Answer 5

system of physical conditioning that increases the efficiency of the body’s intake of oxygen, thereby stimulating the cardiovascular system, developing endurance, & reducing body fat. Increased energy, lower blood pressure & cholesterol, greater suppleness, stronger bones, better posture, & decreased stress levels are other benefits.Must include a minimum of 3 sessions/week, usually lasting an hour, heart rate must be raised to a training level for at least 20 minutes

Question 6

Biceps / bíceps

Answer 6

any muscle with two heads, or points of origin: 1. biceps brachii (a prominent muscle on the front side of the upper arm; originates in 2 places: a protrusion of the scapula (shoulder blade); & the upper glenoid cavity, the hollow for the shoulder joint; is attached to the inner protrusion near the head of the radius, a bone of the forearm, bends the forearm toward the upper arm and is thus used in lifting and pulling movements. It also supinates the forearm (turns the palm forward or upward)

Question 7

Abdominal Exercise

Answer 7

are those that affect the abdominal muscles

Question 8

Thigh Muscle / Músculo del muslo

Answer 8

sartorius muscle; long, narrow, ribbonlike thigh muscle beginning at the front of the crest of the pelvic girdle, extending obliquely down the front & side of the thigh, & inserted at (attached to) the inner & upper portion of the tibia (shinbone)

Question 9

Deltoid Muscle / Músculo deltoides

Answer 9

large, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder & serves mainly to raise the arm laterally; originates on the outer front third of the clavicle (collarbone) & the lower margin of the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade); its fibres unite to form a thick tendon that inserts at the deltoid tuberosity, a rough spot above the middle of the outer surface of the humerus (upper arm bone)

Question 10

Epidermis / Epidermis

Answer 10

protective outermost portion of the skin; 2 layers of epidermis: 1. the living basal layer (next to the dermis), 2. external stratum corneum, or horny layer (is composed of dead, keratin-filled cells that have migrated outward from the basal layer)

Question 11

Dermis / Dermis

Answer 11

corium; the thicker, deeper layer of the skin underlying the epidermis and made up of connective tissue

Question 12

Sebaceous Gland / Glándula sebácea

Answer 12

are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals; found in greatest abundance on the face and scalp, though they are distributed throughout all skin sites except the palms and soles

Question 13

Sweat Gland / Glándula sudorípara

Answer 13

eccrine sweat gland; controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, regulates body temp.; when internal temp. rises, they secrete water to the skin surface, where heat is removed by evaporation

Question 14

Subcutaneous / subcutáneo

Answer 14

also called the subcutis, hypodermis, hypoderm; is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates

Question 15

Hair Follicle / Folículo de pelo

Answer 15

is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair. Hair production occurs in phases, including growth (anagen), cessation (catagen), and rest (telogen) phases. Stem cells are responsible for hair production