The multistore model Flashcards
Name the 3 stores of the multistore model
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
What’s the capacity and duration of sensory memory?
capacity-unlimited
duration-250 milliseconds
how is information encoded in the sensory memory?
Through all 5 senses detecting stimulus from the environment
What are the 2 most important senses when coding info into the sensory memory?
Iconic- processes visual info
Echoic- processes sound
How is information transferred from sensory memory to STM?
Attention
What is the capacity and duration of STM?
Capacity-7 items +/-2
Duration-18-30seconds
How is information coded in the STM?
acoustically
How does information remain in the STM?
through maintenance rehersal
How is information transferred between STM and LTM??
Prolonged rehersal
What is the capacity and duration of LTM?
Capacity- unlimited
Duration- up to a lifetime
What is information coded in the LTM?
Semantically
How can we transfer information from LTM to STM?
retrieval
Who measured the duration of STM and when?
Peterson and Peterson 1959
How did Peterson and Peterson measure the duration of STM?
(procedure)
-researched duration of STM
-trigrams recalled after delay of seconds (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 secs)
-rehearsal prevented by counting backward
What were the findings of Peterson and Petersons’ experiment?
-after 3 seconds 80% accurately recalled
-after 18 seconds 10% accurately recalled
How did Peterson and Peterson’s study support the MSM?
-He found that STM had a limited duration of approximately 18 seconds
-If we are unable to rehearse information, it will not go into the LTM
Why has Peterson and Peterson study been criticized for lacking external validity?
it was a lab experiment and used artificial stimuli as people don’t recall triagrams every day in real life. Therefore it doesnt represent real life so cannot be generalised
Who measured the Capacity of STM?
Jacobs 1887
How did Jacobs 1887 measure the capacity of STM? (Procedure)
-Researched capacity of STM
-showed ppt 4 digits and they recalled them, if answered correct inc to 5 and so on until failure
What were the findings of Jacobs’s measure of capacity in the STM?
-mean digit span of letters in STM= 7.3
-mean digit span of numbers in STM= 9.3
How do the findings of Jacobs’s study support the MSM?
The average capacity of info in the STM is 7 +/-2 items
how does jacobs study into the capacity of STM lack mundane realism/external validity?
it doesnt reflect how memory works in every day life as we do not get asked to recall letters and numbers often
temporal validity- study in 1887 so may not be as scientific
How did Miller’s research support Jacobs’s study?
Miller wrote the magic number 7 and the capacity for STM is 7 +/-2 so it supports millers notion
What did Miller propose?
-tested how many items held in STM
-chunking can increase memory capacity as we can remember 7 chunks of info
Who measured coding in STM and LTM?
Baddeley
How did Baddeley’s study measure coding in STM and LTM? (Procedure)
PPt either shown
1. acoustically similar sounds
2. acoustically dissimilar sounds
2. Semantically similar words
3. Semantically dissimilar words
PPT had to recall the list either immediately or after 20 minutes
What were the findings of Baddeley’s research?
After immediate recall- Acoustically similar sounds were the worst remembered as ppt got confused and mixed them up
After 20 minutes of recall- Semantically similar words were the worst remembered as ppt became confused
How did Baddeley’s research support the MSM?
-supports coding in STM is acoustic as we get confused by similar sounds
-supports coding in LTM is semantic as we get confused by similar meaning words
Who measured the duration of LTM and when?
Bahrick in 1975
How did Bahrick’s study measure the duration of LTM? (Procedure)
PPt tested on their recall of photo recognition of people from their school
and
PPt free recalled any names they could remember
What were the findings of Bahrick’s study?
15 years later 90% recalled accurately from photo recognition
60% recalled accurately from free recall
48 years later 70% accurately recalled from photo recognition
30% recalled accurately from free recall
How did Bahrick’s research support the MSM?
Supports that LTM’s duration can last up to a lifetime and capacity is vast
How did bahricks study have more external validity than the other studies?
because he used meaningful stimuli as the pics used were from each individual’s own lives but other studies used meaningless information so recall rates tend to be lower
Describe what happened to Clive wearing 4
-Clive’s hippocampus was destroyed
(which transfers info from STM to LTM)
-remembered how to play piano
-didnt remember events that happened in life
How does the case study of clive wearing support the MSM?
-supports that STM and LTM are separate stores as he was unable to transfer info from his STm to LTM
How does the case study of clive wearing not support the MSM?
There must be at least 3 types of LTM as clive;
-Remembered procedural memories(piano)
-Kind of remembered semantic memories(facts)
-Didn’t remember episodic memories(wedding)
What are the 3 strengths of the MSM?
-Lots of evidence to support MSM
-Lots of evidence to support capacity, coding, and duration
-Studies are lab experiments so we can establish cause and effect
(effect on DV due to manipulation of IV)
What evidence do we have to support the MSM?
Baddeley and Clive show STM and LTM are separate
What evidence do we have to support the capacity, coding, and duration of the MSM?
Jacobs, Peterson, Bahrick and Baddeley
What are 4 limitations of MSM?
STM, not a unitary store
LTM, not a unitary store
Artificial materials used
Maintenance rehearsal problems
Why has some of the research into the MSM been criticized for lacking external validity?
Counterpoint- What is the problem with using everyday materials in memory research?
They used artificial materials as we don’t get asked to recall trigrams and digits every day so doesnt represent real-life
Cannot use everyday materials as they have meaning therefore it will go into LTM so we cant measure STM
What is the problem with maintenance rehearsal and what might be a better way to transfer info from STM to LTM?
Maintenance rehearsal transfers info from STM to LTM by repeating over and over not effective
Elaborative rehearsal is a better option because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory- better to transfer to LTM
What is the evidence that the LTM memory is not a unitary store?
How does it support MSM
How does it not support MSM
Clive couldn’t remember semantic
(facts) and episodic (events) memories but he could remember procedural memories (piano)
Supports MSM as he cant transfer info from STM to LTM (different stores)
Doesnt support MSM as suggests LTM has 3 different stores
What is the evidence that STM memory isn’t a unitary store?
KF damage left temporal lobe
Couldn’t remember the digits read to him
Could remember the digits he read
Suggests there’s a different memory for remembering visual and acoustic information
